PART 1.] Lt/dekher: Geology of Kashmir. 27 
Returning now to our Kashmir limestones, we find that in the valley of 
Kashmir at Eishmakam and near the Marbal pass, as well as in a few other 
places, distinctly carboniferous fossils have been found, generally low doum in 
the series; a few similar fossils have also been found at the base of the limestone 
series of the north of Kashmir, near Shisha-Kag, which seems to correlate the 
bases of the two local series. Further to the westward at Thajwaz, a triassic 
Ammonite was found by Dr. Stoliczka somewhat low down in the limestone 
series, but how low down I am unable to say, because the junction between the 
limestone and slate seines is here a faulted one. A little higher up in the same 
series I have myself found corals and crinoids. 
At the top of the Gadasir stream, I found what seems certainly to be a 
Chcetetes in considerable quantity; and at Sonamarg I found one large mass of 
a GyatlioplujUum or some closely allied genus. Kow, the genus Chutetes has been 
hitherto known in the Himalaya from the Muth series^ only, which is sup¬ 
posed to be the representative of the European silurian, while we now have 
it on a line of beds which have yielded a triassic Ammonite. In Europe the 
genus attained its maximum in the carboniferous rocks, but also ranged both 
above and below that formation. 
Cyathoipliyllum also, according to Dr. Stoliczka, has hitherto been found only 
in the Muth series in the Himalaya; in Europe this genus ranges fi’om the 
Silurian to the trias. 
As far as these two genera go, therefore, it seems that no evidence of the age 
of the rocks in which they occur can be obtained. The discovery of these 
in the triassic series of India shows that they had a wide range in time here 
as in Europe. 
Again, near Dras, in the dolomitic series, which corresponds to some parts 
of the limestone series at Thajwaz, very characteristic upper triassic fossils were 
found by Dr. Stoliczka.® 
Turning now to the same great limestone series at Gurais, we find that here 
we have an apparently continuous series from the Panjal slates through the 
limestones; and that quite at the base of these limestones a species of the genus 
Glymenia was found which is characteristic of the upper devonian of Europe. 
Taking, therefore, the whole of this evidence, it is quite clear that the base of 
the limestone series of Kashmir is of carboniferous, and from the evidence of 
the Glymenia perhaps partly of upper devonian age. The higher dolomitic bods, 
on the other hand, are clearly of upper triassic age. The only question is 
where to draw the boundary between the two periods. 
Now, at Thajwaz, where the Ammonite was found, and where the junction is 
faulted, the strata have been colored in the map as of triassic age ; it must, how¬ 
ever, be said that an anticlinal occurs here, and that no very distinct lithological 
comparisons are here possible. Moreover, as the whole series is hero in sequence, 
' Stol.: Mem. Geol. Surv. ludia, Vol. jiart iii, p. 143. 
2 Mem. Geol. Surv. India, Yol. V, p. 349. 
