PAET 1 .] 
Lydelclcer : Geology of Ka&hrair. 
29 
The local occurrence of clayey and sandy rocks in the limestone series on the 
horizon of pure limestones may also suggest that the sea in which these lime¬ 
stones were laid down was in places shallow, and near to land; the presence of 
coral reefs also attests either the presence of land, of a shallow sea, or of a sea 
filled with atolls. Where the ancient land surfaces were, we have at present no 
mean of indicatinsr. 
O 
III.— Traces of old glaciers ix KashmIk. 
As there has been considerable discussion carried on in the “ Records” of late 
concerning the supposed glaciation of parts of the Upper Punjab, I have thought 
it would not be out of place to state here any facts which I have observed as to 
evidences of former glaciation in Kashmir and the neighbouring mountains. 
I will first observe that I have nowhere observed any traces of glaciation in 
the valley of Kashmir itself. I have already observed in my last paper,i that I 
cannot agree with Professor Leith Adams^ in considering the Baramiila gi’avels as 
affording any evidence of former glaciation ; and I know of no other deposits in the 
valley which could possibly be considered to be due to the same agency. Neither 
have I seen any traces of erratics, perched blocks, roches moutonnees, or scratched 
rock-surfaces within the limits of the valley. I may add that I think it almost 
certain that the Baramula gi’avels are much older than the old glacial moraines 
of other parts of Kashmir, which are always entirely undisturbed by tilting. 
The lowest elevation in Kashmir at which I have observed glacial phenomena 
is in the Sind valley near the village of Kulan, (marked in the map issued with 
my last paper), at an elevation of about 7,000 feet; here I have seen very 
distinct glacial striation. Mr. Drew,® moreover, mentions the occurrence of a 
well grooved rodie nioutonnee near the same place at an elevation of about 
6,600 feet above the sea level, or 1,500 feet above the level of Srinagar. This is 
the lowest spot in Kashmir, where there seems to be undoubted evidence of 
former glacier action. 
Above this elevation traces of old glaciers are extremely numerous in the 
Kashmir Himalaya; and I will here only notice one or two well marked instances. 
At Giilmarg, on the Pir Panjal, many of the hillocks of detrital matter 
stretching out into the valley seem undoubtedly from their shape to have formed 
part of an old glacier moraine, though I have not succeeded in obtaining any 
grooved rocks; the elevation of this place is somewhat short of 8,000 feet. 
At Sonamarg and Thajwaz, in the upper Sind valley, there is an undulating 
plateau, at an elevation of about 9,000 feet, which is composed entirely of detiital 
matter, to a depth in places of at least 300 feet. This plateau has been admirably 
described at page 220 of Mr. Drew’s above-quoted work on Kashmir, and is there 
clearly shown to have once formed an old glacier moraine. I have found glacial 
‘ p. 33. 
^ Wanderings of a Naturalist in India, p. 171. 
* Junmioo and Kaslimir Territories, p. 220. 
