PART 1 .] 
Lydehher: Geology of Kashmir. 
31 
feet in thickness on the left bank of the river. The included blocks are all more 
or less rounded and Avater-worn, Avhile the matrix in AA'hich they arc imbedded is 
here but little stratified. As we descend the lUA-er, the blocks of gneiss continue 
to decrease in size, till wo come upon the sharp bond in the ri\-er beloAV Rainpur; 
hero a fresh stream of gneiss blocks has come doAvn a tributary stream from the 
second gneiss mass in the Kaj-Nag range; some of these blocks haA'e a long 
diameter of upAvards of 20 feet. 
Still continuing our survey doAvn the river, we find the gneiss blocks again 
becoming smaller and smallei’, and half-Avay to Uri the alluvial dojiosit is seen 
to be most distinctly stratified. All the gneiss boulders haAm their long axes in¬ 
clined up the stream and towards the river-bed at an angle of about 30 ; so that 
one of the flat sides of each boulder is opposed to the flow of the stream, as 
we find to be the case in any deposit of modern river pebbles. 
The summit of the alluvial formation is level, forming high-level plateaux 
on either side of the river. At Uri we find a similar plateau, some 200 feet in 
thickness, formed of the red Sirmur rocks of the neighbouring hills ; the pebbles 
in this deposit are rounded, and have the same relative position in regard to the 
stream as the gneiss blocks higher up. A few small gneiss blocks are found in the 
Uri deposit. 
Below Uri the same formation runs along either bank of the river with 
the same “ hanging level” often betAveen 200 and 300 feet in thickness; a feAV 
gneiss pebbles occur in this deposit; the other boulders consist of the Sirmur sand¬ 
stones, some of them of large size. 
A foAv miles abov^e Hatian we again find a great number of rounded boulders 
of porphyritic gneiss embedded in the alluvial formation, some of which have a 
long diameter of over 10 feet. It is probable that these blocks have come doAvn 
across the Jhelam from the peaks of the Kaj-Nag immediately to the north, 
where the same gneiss doubtless occurs, though I do not know its correct position. 
Small blocks of this gneiss can be traced from Hatian as far as the bend of the 
river at Mozaffarabad. 
It will be gathered from the above observations that the whole of the gneiss 
blocks in the Jhelam valley have followed the course of tributary mountain streams, 
have not been carried across intervening ridges, and are imbedded in an aqueous 
formation. Further, there are not the slightest traces of glacial action on any of 
the hard slate rocks in the Upper Jhelam valley, which oitght to have existed, as 
they do in other places, had glaciers extended into the Jhelam valley. 
Again, the Jhelam itself is able to roll and carry down the gneiss blocks which 
now lie in its course, and a fortiori the mountain streams with a fall ten times as 
great could easily haAm rolled them down in flood time from their original 
position. 
A tthe same time, I think it extremely probable that manj’- of these glacial blocks 
Avero carried some Avay down the lofty cliffs of the Panjal and Kaj-Nag ranges by 
