( 
PART 1.] Lydekker: Further Notices of Siwalik Mammalia. 41 
must have existed at that time, many of which were probably distinct from 
living species. 
Our knowledge, therefore, of the tertiary faunas of the Tropics and * 
Suh-Tropics is really extremely slight; and until this slight knowledge has teen 
amplified by the fullest explanation of every tertiary rock stratum in Africa, 
India, and Malaya, no one is entitled to assert that man and the anthropoid 
apes had no common ancestor, because no such ancestor has hitherto been 
discovered; and even if such exploi’ation were made without results, there remains 
the hypothetical sunken southern continent, with the disappearance of which may 
also have disappeared the “missing links. ’ 
Finally, one other lesson is to be learnt from the Siwalik ape. We know i 
that the living anthropoid apes dwell only in the deepest gloom and solitude of 
primeval forests, where vegetation grows luxuriously, and offers a constant supply 
of fruits throughout the year. From this we may probably infer that the 
Siwalik ape inhabited a similar forest-clad country, and that, consequently, the 
present Siwalik area of the Punjab was in parts at all events clothed with foi’ests in 
which dwelt the Palwoyithecus, instead of being, as now, a sun-scorched and some¬ 
what desolate region. Evidence of the former existence of the.se forests is, as I 
have previously remarked,^ afforded us by the occurrence of numbers of fossil 
tree-stems in various parts of the Siwaliks. 
ilACACCS SIVALEKSIS, noMs. 
In figs. 2 and 4 of the accompanying plate are represented the two frag- ; 
mentary upper jaws of Macacos sivalensis, which were described by me on page 66 
of the last volume of the “Records,” and which, therefore, need no further 
notice on the present occasion. 
RODBISTTIA. 
Rhizomys sivalensis, nohis. 
The specimen drawn in fig. 3 of the same plate is a fragment of the left ' 
ramus of the mandible of the Bhizomys described by me at page 100 of the last ' 
volume of the “Records,” and which I then 'considered to belong in all proba¬ 
bility to a new species. The first molar has been broken away in the specimen 
but the second and third molars are in excellent preservation; the greater '■ 
part of the incisor is seen on tlie inferior border. 
PROBOSCIDIA. « 
Dinotherium indicum, Falc. 
A detached first lower true molar of a Minotliermm has been obtained i 
through Mr. Blanford from the Laki Hills of Sind, which is larger than and of 
different shape from the corresponding tooth in the lower jaw of Dinotherium ; 
’ See an article on this sub;icct in the Quarterly Journal of Science for October 1878. ? 
’ Jlec. Geol. Surv. India, Vol. IX, ji. lOO. 
s 
