104 
Becords of the Geological Survey of India. 
[vOL. XII. 
Wearer to Koliat, about Billotang, low barren limestone bills are entered, 
showing many undiilations of the beds at all angles up to vertical, and several of 
these again exhibit the same alternation of the limestone, sandstone and red 
clays. A low ridge from those hills stretches towards Kohat, in front of the 
lofty and highly contorted or partially scarped limestone mountains of the 
Affridis, crossed by the hired pass from this country to Peshdwur. 
The remainder of the distance to Kohat (16 miles from Gumbat) is through 
flat irrigated country; but in the ascent from the station to the pass just men¬ 
tioned, dark arenaceous and rusty impure limestones, containing Jurassic and 
cretaceous fossils, are folded amongst the dark gray nummulitic limestones of the 
hill type ; and the line of abnormal junction traverses the country from east to 
west along the southern face of the Affridi hills. Further north, within the pass, 
much of the gray limestone everywhere visible may be of triassic or at least 
mesozoic age; a sufiiciently close examination to decide this was prevented by 
political reasons at the time I traversed the pass. 
At Kohat one is close to the frontier, the much folded and contorted 
limestone wall of the Aifiidi mountains, rising abruptly fi'om the northern 
side of the Bangash, or Kohat Towey, valley and attaining greater elevation 
as the mountains run westward. The station is built upon a stony rising 
ground, one of the many fan-like accumulations of subaerial detritus at the 
mouths of the mountainous valleys of the Upper Punjab^. The situation, the 
vicinity of a mass of limestone mountains, and the presence of coarse stony 
superficial deposits, are all favorable towards the existence of the remarkable 
springs which occur hei’e; a large one, over which a musjid has been built, 
sends forth a jierpetual great stream sufficient to turn the wheels of several mills, 
and to water the whole station. Looking towards the Bangash valley, famous for 
its fruit trees, its limpid streams, and the cutting cold wind which blows 
down it on winter mornings, the high mountains lie to the north, and a long 
ridge, also of limestome, terminating eastward in considerable rugged emi¬ 
nences, closes it in on the south. This southern ridge is of fossiliferous 
upper nummulitic limestone, overlying a thick band of such gray sandstones 
and red clays as are common in the Murree group, the whole dipjnng rather 
steeply to the south. The only spot at which the northern limestones coaid 
be inspected was near a group of ruins, some 4 miles from the station, perched 
nearly on the top of a minor spur. The limestones here were found to 
contain dark and rusty beds distinguishable even from the road, amongst 
which Belemnites and fragments of other cretaceous Oeyhalojjoda (as deter¬ 
mined by Dr. Waagen) ■were observed. The beds as usual appeared to be folded, 
but from a distance the whole face of the mountains presents sufficient of a 
northerly dip to give them a decidedly scarped appearance. Here also were 
found the ordinary features of the line of abnormal junction : on one side num¬ 
mulitic limestones interstratified with red beds of the older tertiary aspect, and 
on the other, different hard limestones, including bands containing Jurassic 
* Finely displayed, I -am told, along the upper waters of the Kurrain river in Afghanistan, 
as seen from the Peiwar Kotnl route. 
