Records of the Oeological Survey of India. 
106 
[vOL. XII. 
between the mimmnlitic beds of the vicinity and the limestones of the monn- 
tains to the north. 
In the next march, to Ibrahimzai (8 miles), another stream from the nor¬ 
thern hills, having a long easterly course from behind the Samana ridge, is 
crossed at Raiss ; the boulders in the stream being of similar kinds to those pre¬ 
viously mentioned. The valley here becomes much more confined and hilly, 
and at the fifteenth mile from Kohat is obliquely crossed by the ridge which has 
hitherto bordered it on the south, the river finding its way through a deep gap 
called Khwajahkhezal. In the ascent to where the road is led through this 
pass, on the northern bank of the stream, as in some hills to the eastward, the 
more solid limestone of the ridges is seen to overlie compact lumpy gray or 
drab Alveolina limestone, which rests upon strong gray sandstones immediately 
overlying thick red clays; the whole folded into an anticlinal and synclinal 
curvature. From the top of the pass to its western opening, an ascending series 
with a dip of 50° or 60° is exposed, thus— 
f- Red clays ; remains of a band several feet thick. 
Strong nunmiulitio limestones, overlying ... 234' 
Greenish shaly and softer beds, concealed by talus ... 219' 
Red clays. Obscured. 
Upper numraulitic. Thick alternations of strong bedded and shaly lime¬ 
stone and greenish shales; layers of the lime¬ 
stone crowded with fossils ... ... 268' 
^Grayish and purplish sandstones with red clays ... over 100' 
811' 
Westward of the pass the valley again slightly opens, and on its south side 
higher beds of the limostono, overlying red clays, &c., with a southerly dip, forma 
ridge extending nearly to Ibrahimzai. About this village all the much disturbed 
high-cliff-forming limestone ridges strike westward obliquely across the valley 
to the flanks of the Samana ridge. 
From Ibrahimzai to Mirkhweli (the hill sanitarium for Kohat, having an 
elevation of 4,700 feet), 5 miles to the south-east, many alternations of the 
limestones, clays and sandstones arc exposed, at first nearly vertical, then 
forming a wide sjmclinal basin, over the central, east and west, axis of which 
is the little station of Mirkhweli. All these beds are higher in the series than those 
of the succession given above, and have an estimated thickness of fully 4,000 feet. 
The northern slopes and precipices of these hills are much concealed by 
a jangle, often densely luxuriant, of Kao, Fulldi, Mazmrra (dwarf palm), 
Suuhettii and other bushes, sometimes attaining the growth of trees, and support¬ 
ing vines. Hence the thicknesses of the zones in detail are not readily distin¬ 
guishable, though they may be roughly stated at from two to four hundred feet. 
The following series was here made out (natural order) :— 
Fig. 1 (see Maf). 
14. Small limestone cap on summit of Mirkhweli. 
13. Purple clay zone, under the Deputy Commissioner’s house. 
12. 'Ihick capping of gray Alveolina limestone, forming the general hill top. 
11. Red and purple earthy and sandstone rooks of the aspect of Murree beds. 
