108 
Beconh of the Geological Survey of India. 
[tol. XII. 
From Hang'u to Togh, 34 miles from Kohat, the valley opens out consider¬ 
ably, the Samdna ridge trending to the N. W., and long terrace-like mounds 
or fans are seen along its north side, similar to those observed in the Teri valley 
to the south (Mem. Geol. Sur., Vol. XI, p. 109). The frontage of the 
northern hiUs still shows the anticlinal slope of the Samana ridge, overtopped 
by the scarped edges of the beds in the mountains beyond. South and south- 
■westward the same features continue as were noticed from Hangu; but a 
depression in the crest of the nearest range allows other jiarallel ridges wdth long 
horizontal outcrops of limestone to be seen beyond. 
From Togh to Smaizai, 11 miles, the valley becomes still wider ; its crest is 
passed at Kai, and the Zwymukht valley joining it from the north-west, the 
superficial waters unite to form the Shakkalli stream, which falls into the 
Kun-am below Thai. 
Most of the ground is covered with low accacia and Mazzurra jungle, and 
two lofty clusters of limestone mountains arc seen to the westwai’d, one the Dano 
hills over Tarawari and Darsamand, the other the Kadimuk group immediately 
north of Thai camp. 
Near Togh, at the callage of Bar, a mass of green clays with harder 
calcareous mudstone layers shows itself, dipping at 60° beneath the limestone 
of the southern side of the valley; it appears to be more than 200 feet thick, 
and has white Icallar efiloresence, but no fossils could be found in it, its aspect 
is not unlike the Shear Kowra clays of the Kohat salt field. This band seems 
to follow the course of the Shakkalli stream the wkole way to and below Thai. 
Near Kai there are long flat-topped, slightly hanging, terrace-like deti-ital 
hills, and on the “divide” between the Shakkalli and Kohdt Towis there 
are some outcrops of dark green coai’se gravelly and fine olive quartzose 
calcareous grits ; these beds weather black, and the gravelly ones contain little 
fragments of limestone, mostly angular. Over these are gi-een clays, similar to 
those at Bar, with purple bands and hard sandstone layers; the gi-oup is evidently 
much folded, on east and west lines. It is not improbable that the large valley 
here has been mainly excavated from these rocks, which jiossess more or less of a 
Subathu aspect, but yielded no fossils except some broad striated plant 
impressions. 
Noi'th of this the Samana ridge appears to inosculate with the higher 
limestone hills, the scarps of which, running west by north for the .summit of 
Zaw'aghar (9,380 feet), still shew prominently two or more broad zones of shales, 
or other soft beds, between the harder ones of limestone, the dip having now 
come round to north-by-east. 
To the west the Dano and Kadimuk mountains both show great anticlinal 
axes to the south, with strong northerly dips at 45°, and inner folds along the 
lesser elevations, uniting them with the Urakzai mountains northwards. To the 
south the rolling nummulitic limestone hills still shut in the valley extending 
nearly as far as Gandior, 64 miles from Kohat. 
In the streams from the northward between Kai and Togh, I found numbers of 
light-coloured sandstone blocks, some of dark green quartzite, and many dark 
gi'ay limestone pebbles, some of which contain shell fragments. Fragments of a 
dark gray limestone, weathering deeply to a brown colour, contain fragments 
