109 
PAET 2 .] Wynne: A geological reconnaissance from the Indus, 
of Bhjnchonnella with smaller bivalves, and a dark conglomeratic semi-oolitic 
calcareous gi’it, with white quartz in scattered grains, was found to enclose 
Belemnites. This stream comes from the highest part of the Samana ridge, where 
there is at least this evidence of the occurrence of the mesozoic rocks. The beds 
of streams further west towards Suruzai and Doaba are largely filled with gray 
shale detritus ; one coming from Darsamand also contains dark sandstone frag¬ 
ments enclosing Belemnites, and the soil is frequently dark coloured or blackish 
recalling the cotton soil of the Deccan. 
From Suruzai to Gandior the character of the country is quite the same as just 
now described. Crossing the Mazzurra-covered plain from Gandior to the Darsa¬ 
mand mountain, near the base of the latter, greatly disturbed, dark rugged limestone 
with small nummulites and the little Rotalina characteristic of the eocene hill 
limestones are first seen. Some of the beds have a conglomeratic structure 
enclosing limestone lumps. A band of sandy limestone also appears, and then 
green quartzose gilts, weathering to a black metallic colour. Beyond these is a 
strong rib of thick and thin-bedded compact gray limestone without fossils, 
dipping at high angles northwards and underlying a band of dark greenish and 
rusty olive or whitish hard coarse silicious sandstone, the dip of which is 
50°. Similar sandstone and hard olive shaly beds occur on the further side of a 
hollow as if faulted against massive blue limestone, with a southerly dip at right 
angles. Sheets of this stretch up the mountain side forming the southern slopes 
of the anticlinal curve before mentioned. No fossils were found in situ in these 
limestones, but fragments from the hill contain Bhynchomiella, oysters and 
Cliemnitzia-\ikQ spirals, and have a semi-oolitic structure. 
Here all similarity to the nummulitic limestone has vanished, and a fault 
evidently separates the latter from the rocks of the hills. Moreover, these at the 
point struck must belong to a middle portion of the hill section, for the axis of 
the anticlinal bending downwards brings in higher beds to the eastward, likewise 
checked against the low outer rib of limestones, &c., having a northerly dip. 
The fault here may be the great fractui’ed junction feature of the eastern 
Upper Punjab section, but a hasty glance was all that could be obtained at the 
ground, the frontier lines here, as is often the case, being i-ather hypothetical. 
Between Gandior and Thai (63 miles from Kohat) this long valley, through 
which a main route from Afghanistan has lain since the time of Baber, becomes 
again narrow, though joined from the north by the Singroba glen. The moiintain 
masses of Dano and Kaclimuk shut out the more distant ones to the north in 
a great measure, and the southern side of the valley is no longer formed of 
limestone, but of almost horizontally bedded sandstone and clays, partly of the 
MuiTee group, and partly of Lower Siwalik aspect, the continuation of those 
occupying the Dalian valley. (Mem. Geol. Sur., Vol. XI, p. 101.) 
At the southern bank of the river, not far from Gandior thannah, is a 
mass of limestone conglomerate with all the appearance of the usual valley beds, 
in a consoliated state, but it dips at 60° to the north-west, resting on or against 
greenish and purjfie clays, which come out from beneath the nummulitic lime¬ 
stones. The position of this conglomerate may perhaps be accounted for by 
supposing an old consolidated terrace to have been undercut by the river, and 
