Records of the Geological Siirveg of India. 
[voL. xrj. 
113 
of tlie same kind of hard, dark-weathered sandstones and olive and purple shales 
as occur between Thai and Kadimuk. The beds ai’e vertical and folded, striking 
nearly N. E., and some of the sandstone bands contain badly pi’eserved shells 
of large oysters, others those of a long and narrow but smaller form. South 
of the Shakkalli river is a mass of greenish gray clay coasting round the 
escarpment, extending down the Kurram, and very probably the same zone 
as is seen at intervals eastwar'd as far as Togh. Resting upon this clay 
with a southei'ly dip, there is a band of some 100 or 150 feet of dark and 
lighter-coloured, mostly thin-bedded, compact, Alveolina limestone, immediately 
succeeded by a thin layer of calcareous concretionary pseudo-conglomei'ate, 
over which come the usual bright red clays and gray sandstones of the Murree 
group, the latter here sometimes enclosing small pebbles. Climbing to the top 
of the scarp, these and similar beds are seen to undulate over the country towards 
Dalian. Southwards they form lai’ge horizontally stratified elevations, amongst 
which a scarped hill at a distance, the scarp doubtles formed by a somewhat bent 
and twisted zone of nummulitic limestone, is the Tvestern termination of the 
Ragotungd ridge of the Kohat salt field, where that ridge passes into Waziri 
land. Still further off to the south is the rugged outline of a high ridge in the 
upper Siwalik sandstone and conglomerate basin north of Banu.' 
Near the edge of the scarp, not so much as 200 feet stratigTaphically above 
the nummulitic Alveolina limestone, I found several fragments of large mam¬ 
malian bones in a coarse pseudo-conglomeratic layer, but could find no teeth. One 
narrow bone, broken into three fragments, seemed to show the tubular structure 
of those belonging to birds. I have 2 irescrved the specimen, though a bad 
one. 
This was all that I could ascertain of the local geology of Thai: the higi 
mountains beyond the Kurram were too far off to form a close guess as to their 
composition. In the river and in the terrace above it, the travelled boulders 
and pebbles, loose or cemented into conglomerate, present a great variety of rocks, 
amongst which the only ones I could identify with those of the Indus deposits 
were a dark fine-grained syenitic gneiss and a well-known variety of white quartzite 
covered with conchoidal markings like gastropod sections, which occurs in situ 
among the Tanol rocks of Hazara. Others include varieties of gneiss, coarse and 
fine, micaceous schists, altered earthy and silicious rocks, red jasper, white and 
brown quartzite, p)urple quartzite, gray sandstone, gray and purple ferruginous 
limestone, dark hornblendic trap, white eurite, white semi-crystalline marble, red 
quartzite, many limestones, but none, that I observed, of slate. These may all 
be found hereafter on the flanks of the Sufed Koh. 
Conclusion .—The route from Kushalgarh to Thai shows a considerable 
change in the upper nummulitic zone compared with its eastern sections as far 
as the river Jhelum. Near Muiuee this zone has an apparent thickness of 
some 6,000 feet, and is most largely composed of clays and sandstones frequently 
of red or reddish colours with subordinate bands of coarse fossiliferous (num- 
' A nummulitic limestone patch in Waziri land, north of Banu, shown on the sketch map, 
Kecords, Vol, X, p. 107, has been a good deal misplaced to the westward of its real situation. 
