114 Reconh of the Qeolo/jicul Sarrei/ of Lidia. [voL. xit. 
tion in thickness and character,—an observation quite borne out by this western 
j)art of the upper nummulitic group. 
The occurrence of igneous, possibly volcanic, rocks in the Subathu zone at 
Thai, should any of them prove contemporaneous, and should they be largely 
developed to the west, may introduce an entirely new feature, complicating the 
relations of this Subathu group to the ^neighbouring tertiary or older rocks of 
that part of Afghanistan. 
It may be possible that some of the Mirkhweli Subathu limestones extend 
into the Urakzai mountains, the strike of parts of these lying in the same general 
direction as that of the Bangash hills ; but near Hangu, where the latter most 
nearly approach the former, a sudden difference of both dip and strike between 
the two sets of rocks was suggestive of a fault; nor were the interstratified 
red rocks of the Mirkhweli sections seen anywhere in the much-exposed Urakzai 
escarpments. Further west at Thai and Darsamand, where spurs from the 
northern mountains were reached, indications of fracture dividing the SubMhu 
zone from limestones of secondary age were found in both cases. 
Of the age of the rocks forming these northern mountains, it has only been 
possible to collect some evidence of the presence of mesozoic rocks. The great 
height and bulk of the mountains, as well as the conspicuous northerly inclina¬ 
tions of their strata, together with their being so largely composed of limestones, 
leave ample room for the occurrence of all the eocene and mesozoic groups of the 
northern Punjab ranges, and space to sj)are for palffiozoic ones besides; but in 
none of the streams coming from them, did I observe any fragments or fossils 
proving the existence of palaeozoic rocks among these mountains. 
The very low horizon at which bones, presumably mammalian, were found 
south of Thai is not incompatible with the distribution of bone beds elsewhere in 
the Upper Punjab, these occurring even among the nummulitic rocks themselves. 
The circumstance may also be connected with the gradual disappearance in a 
southerly and westerly direction of nearly the whole of the great group of the 
lower tertiary mechanically formed beds, the absence of which is a marked 
feature in the westerly extension of the Salt Range, trans-Indus. 
Further notes on the Geology of the Upper Punjab, ly A. B. Wynne, f.g.s., 
Geological Survey of India. 
(^Supplementary to those in Records, Geological Survey, vol. X.) 
Description of the groimd .—The rugged district of Hazara stretches far into 
the regions of the Western Himalaya between the rivers Indus and Kishonganga, 
and embraces the native hill states of Amb and Kaghan as well as the portion 
directly under British rule. Its mountains, beiug parts of the greater ranges, 
present a somewhat complex assemblage of lofty spurs, rather than distinctly 
individual chains. 
The long glen of Kaghan curves to the eastward-by-north between great 
snowy ridges. Its stream is the Nainsiik, or Kunhar, river, which enters the 
