PART 2.] Wijnne: Further notes on the Geology of the Uyjper Fnvjab. 
115 
Jhelum below Muzaffarabacl. Bet^Yeen the north-western watershed of the 
Kaghdn valley and another great mountain spur from the northwards, the upper 
waters of the local river Sirun find their way southwards towards the Indus 
through the valley of Bogurmang. On the east of this valley is the lofty 
truncated peak called Musa-ka Masala (the praying carpet of Moses), 13,378', 
situated in the border country of the hill-men nominally within our frontier; 
and on the west are high elevations called Palleja Behisht (Heaven) and Shaitan- 
ka-gali (the devil’s neck or pass). Further west the Black mountains (scene of 
late frontier warfare) rise, on this side of the unknown, or at least unmapjoed, 
portion of the upper Indus channel. 
One march westward of the lower Nainsuk, at a much gi’eater elevation 
surrounded by still higher mountains, is the flat lake-like plain on the course of 
the river Sirun forming the detritus-filled valley of Pakli. 
Between the Pakli valley and the Indus rises the mass of mountains in the 
state of Amb, culminating at Bahingra in a height of 8,608 feet above sea level. 
A broad cluster of hills having elevations of four, five, and six thousand feet 
spreads from the Sirun to the valley of the Bore; and from near the junction of 
these two streams the most isolated ridge in the whole country, that of Gandgarh, 
trends in a south-westerly direction, rising to an elevation of 4,137 feet between 
the Hazara plain and the river Indus. 
Again, occupying the southern side of the district is another, broader, lofty 
tract, presenting endless alternations of confluent ridge and valley, with a mai'ked 
north-east south-west strike. This elevated tract rises from the Nainsuk 
torrent, near Ghari Habibula, and with altitudes of 8,000 and 9,000 feet overlooks 
that river and the Jhelum; then, passing between the stations of Murree and 
Abbottabad, it gradually becomes less elevated, though still presenting high 
summits and long south-westerly valleys, till it leaves the district as a 2 jart of 
the Margalla range, near the grand trunk road from Rawalpindi to Hasan Abdal. 
The Indus valley is a deep defile amongst the mountains, -where, coming from 
the north, the river first bounds this district, then passing Derband, Amb, and 
Sittana, its valley expands to a width of about two miles at Torbela, a few miles 
below which place it opens out upon the plains of Chuch and Yusnfzai. 
All over southern Hazara the more or less north-east south-west run 
of the valleys, streams, and ridges coincides generally with the strike of 
the rocks. In central Hazara, disturbance of the strike would appear to 
have produced a less regular structure of the ground as to depressions. In 
the Gandgarh range, this ridge is itself a strike-feature, and the mountain 
torrents cross the bedding of the rocks ; while in northern Hazara, in Agror, 
Bogurmang and the lower part of the Kaghan valley, the northerly and north¬ 
westerly run of the rocks, resulting in many marked features of the ground, 
afiproximates more to the general Himalayan bearing eastward of the river 
Jhelum, than to the abruptly deflected south-westerly strike of the rocks west¬ 
ward of the same river. 
Geological structure .—I have already given some account of the outer 
Himalayan series in Hazara (Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., vol. X, part 3) ; but 
now that it is to be noticed at more length, it will be well to subjoin a short 
