PART 2.] Wynne: Further notes on the Geology of the Upper Punjab. 
117 
beds pass by prevalence of metamorphism into the transformed, crystalline, 
northern rocks with a strong appearance of underlying a most intensely altered 
portion of these. 
The observation may in a general way be made, that the metamorphism of 
the rocks of the northern part of the district exhibits a lateral or geographical 
rather than any development coinciding with antiquity of the strata. Inversion, 
apparent or obscure, is often made to explain the difficulty of such a case, but the 
employment of this suj)position may have a limit; as in the present instance, 
where, if the Tanol and infra-trias groups should prove identical, or even in 
parallel supei’position, physical impossibility would be involved. 
A glance at the accompanying diagram will explain this : the lower portion 
of the Tanol group (A) is very similar to the general aspect of the infra-triassic 
group (B), and as I have observed, they seem to unite in the Tandiani mountains, 
eastward of Abbottabad. But the infra-triassic group (B) rests unconformably 
upon the Aftock slates, and its basal bed is a conglomerate largely made up of 
fragments of this slate series. Consequently the presumption is that the Tanol 
group is newer than the Attock slates, and not part of an inverted series, the 
oldest portion of which would be represented by the metamorphic rocks. 
It is unfortunate that, however closely the groups A and B in the above 
diagram may be united, the succession upon the northern side of the crystalline 
area (0) is unlikely to become known, owing to inaccessibility of the country; 
otherwise, its compari.son with the southern extra-metamoiqohie series would bo 
in all probability instructive. 
In the Pir Panjal region, not very remote from Hazara, an oj)portunity has 
occurred of studying the relations of both sides of a chain, the core of which 
is also formed of gneiss similar to, if not identical '(vith, that of Hazara; and 
Mr. Lydekker, to whose research we are indebted for the information, is of 
opinion that a clear case of inversion is there established, and the series on each 
side of the crj'stalline axis is the same (Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., vol. XI, p. 30), 
Comparing that region with this, we should find little possibility of identifying 
the flanking series, although this Pir Panjal chain, between Ka.shmir and the 
Punjab, presents an assemblage of rocks continuous with those of the Kajnag 
range, north of the Vedusta, or upper Jhelum, and doubtless continuous in a 
general way with the series of upper Hazara, perhajjs, however, beyond the 
limits occupied by the Tanol and immediately associated tyjie of rocks. 
The Pir Panjal chain, with its gneiss and slates, &c., is considered as 
belonging to the Central Himalayan Sj^stem (Annl. Rept. Rec. Geol, Surv. 
