118 lieconk of Ike Geological Survey of India. [vol. xii. 
Ind., 1878); its gneiss is recognised as ro-appearing in the Kajnag range 
(Lydekker, 1. c.), and I can answer for the lithological identity between 
that of Hazara and the transported masses of the Kiijuag gneiss scattered along 
the Vedusta valley on the Muitco route into Kashmir. StiU I am quite unable 
to identify the other members of the Hazara series, generally or in detail, with 
those rocks which ISiIr. Lydekker has found displayed along the Pir Panjiil range. 
To show the contrast, I propose, after de.scribing the local series here, to place it 
and that of the country to the east (as recorded) in parallel columns. 
The Hazara gneiss —is a completely crystalline granitoid rock, of whitish 
gray colour, composed of quartz, felspar, and black mica (biotite), white mica 
(muscovite) being often present as an accessory; and the rock is rendered por- 
phyritic by an abundance of large twin crystals of pinkish or flesh-coloured 
orthoclase measuring from two to eight inches in height, more commonly from 
three to four inches being the longest dimensions. These lie in all directions in 
the matrix, sometimes affecting a linear aiTangement, which may mark the 
former lines of now obliterated stratification, fechorl is locally present, and 
garnets are occasionally seen, both as rather nnfrequent accessories. Separate 
bands or veins of rock crystal or opaque quartz are rare, but dykes of easily 
decomposing trap, apj)ai'cntly greenstone, are not unusual. 
I have often sought near the junction of the crystalline rock with the adjacent 
schists for evidence as to its being intrusive or otherwise ; and in some directions 
I have found what appeared to be distinct dykes or veins among the schistose 
rocks ; but contrasting with these, and sometimes in contiguous localities, the 
schists exhibited a gradual transition towards the main granitoid mass by reason 
of great intensity of metamorphism, the region of actual contact being, however, 
defined within rather narrow^ limits. 
Por instance, on the southern ascent of the Susul Gali pass into Agror, I 
found masses of the adjoining schists includpd in the crystalline gneiss, pre¬ 
senting many gradations of alteration ; and although the stratification w'as still 
discernable, parts w'ere as crystalline as the adjacent gneiss, enclosing the same 
large felspar crystals, and other parts had assumed the form of a gneiss of much 
finer grain than that of the main mass. 
In other cases, as near Mansahra, detached masses of the schistose rocks 
Avore found entangled and enveloped amidst the gneiss Avithout exhibiting this 
extreme amount of alteration, not being indeed more altered than the rest of the 
adjacent schistose beds. The country generally is one in AA'hich a Avido or distant 
view often shows more of the broad structuiul relations than is gathered from close 
inspection of details ; whilst in places, nothing is open to immediate vicAV except 
small features, the continuity of Avhich cannot bo obsei'A^ed or relied upon, yet 
the facts concerning which must take their owm place in forming conclusions. 
Thus, Avith regard to the gneiss, fcAV traces of stratification are to be found in 
minute detail, though the outline of one of its principal masses, the Bahingra 
mountain, presents the normal Himalayan feature (common among the stratified 
groups) of a steep outcrop slope towards the plains, and a long gentle declivity 
towards the mountains of the interior. Coinciding with this form, and lying as if 
in alternately bedded masses, arc groups of well stratified quartzites and .schists. 
