PART 2.] Wynne: Fnrl/ier notes on the Geology of the Upper Punjab. 
126 
triassic oi’ jurassic, nothing being left for guidance but the not very definite 
point of lithological character. 
The thickness of these rocks in the neighbourhood of Khanpur, however 
difficult to fix on account of plications, can scarcely be estimated at less than 
3,000 or 4,000 feet, perhaps more than double the amount of the triassic series of 
Sirban, where the best exposed sections show the formation sheeting the 
northern side of the mountain, with inclinations of less than 35°, over a slope 
a mile and a haffi long with a rise of 2,000 feet. This being taken as the basis 
of calculation affords the inference that the Sirban trias formation may have 
a total thickness of between 1,500 and 2,000 feet. 
The distribution of the formation as far as traced is shown upon the sketch 
map annexed; it seems to have suffered extensive inversion near Bagnotar 
on the Murree and Abbottabad road. 
5. Jurassic .—The jurassic rocks of the southern region of Hazara are very 
subordinate, as to extent or thickness, to the underlying group. They are, 
however, traceable by numerous complicated exposures among the disturb¬ 
ances so prevalent in these hills. They appear amongst masses of nummulitic 
beds, at Shah Kabul summit, in the Khanpur country, as a rusty group of 
earthy limestone, shales of dark and light color, and occasional sandstone bands, 
identified by Dr. Stoliczka as similar to his Gieumal sandstone of other Himalayan 
regions. Similar I’ocks reappear near Garm Thun; and they are met again, though 
scarcely ever with exactly the same character, edging the southern frontage of 
the Margalla range, and in the interior of the mass of hills crossed by the old 
bridle track from Murree, via Mari, to Abbottabad. 
In the higher hills the jurassic formation includes in places a well-develoj^ed 
zone or zones of black Spiti shale, containing fossils characteristic of that group 
in Spiti, but both these shales and their fossils appear to be entirely wanting to the 
west, where a band almost made up of ill-preserved Trigonia ventricosa (not found 
in the higher hills) appears towards Shaladitta, associated with layers contain¬ 
ing Ammonites, Gryphma, avd Belemnites. But it is not clear whether these fossili- 
ferous beds to the west are newer or older than the Spiti shales,' the groups never 
having been found in contact or in the same section; and the relation in both 
cases to the succeeding eocene rocks, so far as can be made out, being that of 
conformity. 
The whole formation seldom exceeds a few hundred feet at most; but where 
its lowest limits may be, among limestone masses, part of which are at least 
triassic, though the upper portion may be newer, it is impossible to say without 
better paleeontological evidence than is available, and without the reappearance 
of the Sirban discordance. 
6. Cretaceous .—The few beds referred by Dr. Waagen from their fossils to 
this formation at Sirban are the only established case of its occurrence among 
these hills. In many jjlaces, however, there intervenes between the known 
' These western fossiliferous jurassic rocks are stated in the lately published Manual of the 
Geology of India, p. 503, to “appear to be a continuation of the Gieumal sandstone.” So far as I 
am aware, there are no sufficient grounds for the assertion as yet discovered. 
