PAiiT 2.] ir^me : Ftirlher notes on the Geology of the U]}g)er Punjab. 127 
have a harder, more slaty and more prominently red aspect. They are intersected 
by numerous parallel veins of white carbonate of lime, which is one of the 
characteristic appearances of the Murree beds near their disturbed junction 
with the hill rocks. There are, however, no such masses of nummulitic and 
mesozoic limestones associated with these beds as occur further to the south-west. 
Dolomites, limestones, and black carbonaceous or graphitic sliales appear imme¬ 
diately beneath them ; but these beds have much more the aspect of the infra- 
trias or Tanol rocks than of the newer limestones, &c., and none of them contain 
fossils so far as could be discovered. On one spur of the mountain near Kulis 
village, a situation which w ould indicate an inferior position to the red beds, 
I observed numerous shaken angiilar blocks of limestone containing Nuimnulifes. 
These, although they could not be pronounced in situ, did not appear to have 
been far removed fi-om their original place, and they w'ould indicate an extension 
in this direction of the Hazara eocene formation. 
The whole of the red series and associated beds on this range appear to 
rest unconformably upon the metamorphic schists, of which the lower half of 
the mountain mass is entirely composed; but no clean sections could be observed, 
and snow concealed much of the higher ground. 
A small vein of galena among the schists in the Kakal ravine, not far from 
Kulis, is only worth mentioning to state that the quantity is so very small as to 
be economically Avorthless, so far as this one vein is concerned, and unless others 
of much larger proportions are concealed in the vicinity. On examination at 
Calcutta specimens of the ore Avere found to be argentiferous, as is A'cry com¬ 
monly the case. 
Before noticing the more superficial and less important deposits, it may be use¬ 
ful to glance at the comparatiAn aspect of the twm great series of rocks—those of 
the Himalaj'an system in Kashmir and those of the Hazara region, still further Avest. 
In order to present the state of the case as definitely as possible, I haA'c taken 
the Kashmir series from Mr. Lydekker’s papers, and placed it side by side wdth 
that of Hazaia in a tabular foim (annexed). 
Commencing with the older rocks, it Avill be observed from what I have 
already stated, that the first discrepancy to be met with is in the position of the 
gneiss of the tAvo regions. Mr. Lydekker refers to two kinds of Himalajnn 
gneiss, but considers that occupying all or most of the gneiss areas on his maj) as 
of one kind, except perhaps the central portion of the Zanskar range, (not marked 
on his majA, (Eecords, Vol. XI, p. 30) but forming the north-west south-east 
Avatershed north-east of and abovn Daiwvas). This great expanse of identical 
gneiss, presenting the same relation of conformity and transition into the over- 
lying Silurian schists, is of course ncAver than the “ central gneiss ” of pre- 
silurian age. The Kajnag ridge belongs to the Pir Panjal range, and its gneiss 
is at least lithologically identical with that of Hazara. But, though in the Pir 
Panjal this gneiss forms so Avell marked a base to the stratigraphic system of a 
Avidely-extended area, and the apparent alternation of the gneiss Avith quartzites 
and schists in Hazara affords a further point of similarity, its general situation 
W'ith regard to the rest of the Hazara series conveys no appearance of its being a 
fundamental rock or the basal member of the stratified series. 
