1>AUT :i.] W^Htie; Further notes on the Geology of the Upper Punjab. 
129 
Mr. Lydekker lias specially pointed out tlie conformity of this Himalayan 
gneiss to the orerlying silurian strata, but in HazM-a, whether the contact rock.s 
may bo correlated with hia Pir Panjiil and Pangi groups or not, the manner of their 
junction as described above (sec section No. 4), the enclosure of detached altered, 
and more highly converted metamorphic schists, within the gneiss, also the 
occurrence of dyke-like veins of gneiss amongst the schists, w'ould show, that 
how'ever conformable the original rocks may have been, this j'elation is rendered 
more than obscui-e by the intensity of the metamorjihism they have undergone. 
Thus, though the gneiss of the two regions may be identical in hand s23ecimons, 
its diversity of arrangement in the two districts would point either to the occur¬ 
rence of two different gneisvS formations, or else, what is perhaps more probable, 
to the occurrence of two distinct modes or degrees of metamorphism affecting the 
rocks within its range differently in each case, coinciding with the stratification 
in one case, crossing it in the other. 
The next point of dissimilarity in the features of these tw'o regions is in con¬ 
nexion with the rocks resting immediately upon the gneiss. In Hazara thei'e are 
no particular zones having this relation as yet explored ; still the schists, &c., of 
Lachikhun mountain would seem to be a continuous portion of those of northern 
Kashmir, and may yet be found more palpably resting upon extensions of the 
Hazara gneiss than has hitherto appeared. 
The more than 2,000 feet of blue and black slates, and flaggy slates with 
blue and fawm-colorcd sandstones, splintery grayish shales and locally abundant 
limestones of the Pangi series, scarcely find a counterpart in the Attock slates, 
though the general description more nearly resembles these than any other portion 
of the Hazara groups. But the Attock slates have never been observed passing 
downwards conformably and with intercalation into metamorphic rocks with 
alternations of gneiss : nor have they been knowm to contain erratic (/.e. travelled) 
fragments of angular and waterworn gneiss. Hence the Attock slates do not 
seem to represent the silurian of the Kashmir sections ; or if, notwithstanding, 
they are a modified extension of that silurian formation, they differ in not being 
conformably associated with the gneiss. 
The Panjal series—of black and green slates, sand,stones, amygdaloidal rocks, 
brown sandstone conglomerates containing pebbles of quartzite and slate, white 
quartzites and sandstones, and below all black slates with pebbles of gneiss and 
quartzite, granitoid gneiss with bands of slate and quartzite,—seems also to have 
no closely similar group among the Hazara rocks. The gneiss with bands of 
slate and quartzite has indeed a certain resemblance to the association of the gneiss 
and schists of this country, and conglomeratic beds are not unknown among the 
metamorphic schists; but the whole aspect of the group, despite the entire 
absence here of the amygdaloidal beds, would seem to possess a rough similarity 
to the Tanol group, wnro it not that the latter contains limestones and dolomites, 
unrecorded in the Panjal series, and it has not the relation of conformable and 
transitional superposition upon the gneiss. Another difficulty is met with in 
seekinsr for the analogues of the Kashmir carboniferous beds in Hazara. The 
general diversity of the sections in these two adjoining areas prepares one for a 
difference here also, and I am unable to point to any Hazeira group which w'ould 
