Records of ihe Geological Siirvcg of India. 
[vOL. XII, 
l;30 
occupy tlie place of tlicse rocks to tke eastward, or which resembles closely any 
carboniferous exposure in Kashmir, as described by others or seen there by myself. 
Mr. Lydekker suggests that local differences in the carboniferous sections 
of that country may be accounted for by suppo.sing separate areas of deposition. 
If the differences inci’ease towards Hazara, it would be rash to say the formation 
is as wholly unrepresented as it appears to be; but I have never found a trace of 
any of the fossils of this group such as I have met with both in the Salt Range 
and in Kashmir regions. One unfossiliferous limestone formation may so closely 
resemble another, that I cannot say w'hether the massive limo.stone formation of 
Gandgarh may not present some identity udth that of the Krol group, which 
I have never seen, but which has been classed with the carbonifei’ous beds of 
Kashmir, nor yet whether it is similar to the great limestone of the Jamu inlicrs. 
The slates of Hazara certainly have a less shaly look than those of the carboni¬ 
ferous group in the Lidar vallcy-Kashmir. 
The occurrence of quartzites, black shales (graphitic or carbonaceous) with 
nodules of iron ore, and limestonc.s in both the Kiol and the Tanol groups 
might indicate some identity, but though dolomites are more characteristic of both 
the latter series and of the infra-ti-iassic of Hazara, and are not uncommon in the 
Salt Range carboniferous, they do not seem to be strikingly developed in the Kiol 
group of Kashmir, but rather to be the prominent feature of its trias formation. 
The triassic rocks of Hazara are doubtless the same as some of those in 
Kashmir; and to judge from the description of the lattei’, it does not appear 
unlikely that the beds separated in the Sirban series as infra-trias are also in¬ 
cluded with the Kashmir formation. 
For the Jurassic rocks of the present district, I find no equivalents recorded 
in Kashmir; and the same remark apiffies to the cretaceous formation; though 
the Spiti shales of the country east and north of the Kashmir region are charac¬ 
teristically displayed in Hazara, with several of their fossils. 
The hill nummulitic limestones so extensively developed in Hazara are not 
known as yet to exist in Kashmir, where, in the fringing zone of limestones 
outwardly flanking the Pir Panjal, the carboniferous formation takes their place 
in the general structural sequence.' But the upper nummulitic zone of the 
exterior of the Hazara hills is identical with the Sabathu zone as determined by 
Messrs. Medlieott and Lydekker in the Jamii country and near Mnz.affarAbid; 
I have myself found it on the east side of the Jhelum north of the junction of 
the Nainsuk with that river'. 
From this brief glance at the want of uniformity between the extensive 
geological series of the two regions, it appears to follow that considerable 
diversity of conditions must have accompanied their formation. In regarding 
this possibility it should be remembered that, though the infra-Jurassic uncon¬ 
formity, locally seen in Hazdra, can scarcely be declared absent in Kashmir till 
> Tn a paper and map in Q. Jl. Geol. Soc. Lend. Vol. XXXIV, p. 347, etc., I have represented 
tlii.s fringing zone as niesozoic as originally shown in Eoc. CJool. Snr. Ind., Vol. IX, p. 155. 
' A different view of the correlation of the nummulitic roclss east and west of the Jlielum 
has been suggested (Rec. Geol. Surv., India, IX, p. 57), whereby the lower or hill-nummulitic 
limestone is not regarded as lower than the Subathu group, hut as only a different form of con¬ 
temporaneous deposits (see also Manual, p. 566). 
