PAKT 2.] IVfnne: FurUier notes on the Geology of the Upper Punjab. 
131 
Jurassic rocks are found, there is no record in the Kashmir sections of the very 
complete break at the base of the Infoa-trias group in Hazara. The slight 
and broken chain of similarities between the series commences with the litholo¬ 
gical identity of the gneiss, is most developed, apparently, in the trias forma¬ 
tion, and ends with the upper nummulitic tertiary group, or the far moi’o 
recent Karewah bods. Excepting perhaps the most metamorphosed rocks, all 
the others present more of disparity than unity, and the reason for this might 
no doubt be found if the early history of the western Himalayan rocks and ranges 
were more completely known. 
Mr. Medlicott has pointed out (Records Vol. IX, pt. 2, p. 51) that the 
elevation of the middle Himalayan area to the eastward of this country dates 
from early or middle secondary times, and that disturbance was specially displayed 
towards the close of the eocene period; but that from this early secondary date 
to the most recent (Siwalik) tertiary times no disturbance took place in the 
region of the Jhelum, that is, in a part of the country to which the present 
remarks refer. The later observations of Mr. Lydekker on the carboniferous 
series of Kashmir, indicating separated areas of deposition, and the denudation 
of the Attock slates of Hazara, besides the evidence afforded by the fragments of 
ancient gneiss in the Pangi series and rolled quartzite pebbles in the Tanol 
conglomerates, all these would seem to point to various stages of disturbance 
and repose of earlier date than mesozoio times in the western Himalajmn 
regions; the absence also of two of the mesozoic formations, so far as dis¬ 
tinct records go, in Kashmir, together with that of the great eocene hill-limestone 
so largely developed in Hazara, may possibly be connected with distribution of 
depositing areas consequent upon elevation in later mesozoic times. Hence the 
localization of the central Himalayan disturbance, with regard to the deposition 
of the later tei’tiary groups, may bear limitation to the early eocene period ; and 
the discordance between the Hazara and Kashmir series may be due to more or 
less local or intense disturbances of these mountain regions at various dates from 
an early palseozoic to the most recent tertiary or even post-tertiary period, if the 
dip of the Karewahs is attributable to elevation along the Pir Panjal range or 
subsidence on the opposite side of the Kashmir valley. 
10. Post-teHiary deposits .—These are not so prominently seen in Upper 
Hazara, as in the lower country to the south-west, but the Pakli valley and the 
Hazara plain ai-e filled with detrital accumulations which may be referred to the 
older kind of alluvial formation. There are also semi-fan-like accumulations in 
the neighbourhood of Abbottabad, and thence towards Mansahra, the original con¬ 
tinuous surfaces of which have long since been deeply cut into by the torrential 
streams of the country, indicating a considerable age for these fans. 
The detrital accumulations of Lower Hazara, and the Dore river are largely 
formed of slate debris : and the gneissic or syenitic gravel, found further west 
towards the Indus, has not been seen beneath these deposits. In parts of the Pakli 
plain, however, I found a limestone drift sometimes cemented by carbonate of 
lime, which appears most probably to have come from the southern mesozoic or 
eocene hills, as it was met with on that side of the plain. 
It seems to me very probable that these deposits are of the same age as the 
