^'^2, Records of the Geological Purvey of India. [voL. xil. 
Karewahs of Kashmir; but I would not on that account convey the idea that 
they were of Siwalik or even of tertiary age. 
11. Alluvimn and river deposits .—The alluvium of the Dore and other rivers of 
Hazara, in low situations, is of light drab silt, not calling for particular notice. 
Along the Indus the river deposits occur for considerable spaces in the form of 
terraces, rising to more than 100 feet above the river. The material brought 
down by this river is also moi’e sandy than in other cases. 
A good example of the fan-form of river deposit occurs a couple of miles 
north of Garhi, along the lower part of a mountain torrent from the Lachikun 
range. The outlines of similar fans were also seen far above the highest point 
visited on the Indus, but within the Amb territory, which is difficult of entry 
wdthout much official correspondence with the political officers. 
12. Northern drift .—I use this term instead of the more simple one “eiTatic 
drift, which would appear to convey to some Indian geologists a closer connexion 
with glacial geology than is necessary to the purpose. By northern drift then 
is here meant that influx of travelled masses, which has followed the course of the 
Indus from the north, and been distributed over large spaces of the Bawalpindi 
plateau, to a distance (I am informed by Mr. Theobald) of 25 miles from the 
river. These blocks are easily recognizable all along the Upper Indus, as far as 
I went, to be the same as those further down its course. They often rest on the 
terraces, and some of them are of very large size. They are even more numerous 
along the narrow part of the river valley than in the lower country. This drift of 
foreign or transported blocks has penetrated from the northwards up the cour.se of 
the Sirun and Dore discharge, as far as the point where then’ united valley begins 
to cut across the end of the Gandgarh range; and at one or two points huge boirlders 
of granite or granitic gneiss seem once to have almost entirely blocked the valley. 
One of these boulders, between the Turbela-Haripur road and the river Sirun, 
composed of a fine grained granitoid rock, not the Hazara gneiss, measured 221- 
feet X 36 feet X 24 feet, and has a girth of 109 feet. 
The boulders are scattered over a considerable space eastward of this stream, 
where the ground is lower than to the west, and there is a regular drift of well- 
rounded gneiss blocks, often larger than paving stones, which terminates in two 
high mound-shaped hillocks at the upper end of the gorge near Dare village. 
This disposition of the transpoHed materials shows that many of them may 
have found a passage through this opening, and floated away to the southward, 
if rafted by ice, at a time when the Indus ran at a higher level, and most of the 
lower country may have been occupied by a lake. Some large limestone blocks 
(from what group derived being uncertain), which occur near Sultanpur on the 
Haripur—Hasan Abdal road, may be connected with this line of transport. 
One remarkable and very large mass of the triassic or supra-trias limestone of 
Sirban rests perched at about 4,300 feet on the slate hills of the opposite side of 
the valley above the village of Sulhud. It is from 25 to 35 feet high, and 127 paces 
in circumference. This mass seems to have slipped from the Sirban mountain 
at a time when the deep valley between it and that elevation had not been exca¬ 
vated, and its forcible passage northward appears to have somewhat disturbed the 
edges of the slates forming the surface beneath. I could find upon it no traces of 
