PART 3.] Foote : Geological features of the Madura District, 
147 
In the southern part of onr area several noteworthy ridges of granite gneiss 
occur, e. g., at and to the north-east of Kilavaladu (Keelaladoo), also at Melnr, 
and last but not least in size or in striking appearance is the ridge known as the 
Anaimallai (Annamulla) or Elephant hill, five miles north-east of Madura. This 
last ridge terminates at its southern extremity in a very hold bluff, bearing 
when seen from various points a very fair resemblance to a huge elephant, a 
likeness which has given it the name it bears, and connected it with the principal 
mythology of Madura and the famous temj)le of Minakshi. It is a perfectly 
naked rocky ridge, about two miles in length, consisting of grey and pale pink 
banded micaceous granite gneiss of coarse texture. The dip of the bedding is not 
distinct; it is, however, mainly westerly, though the northern extremity looks as 
if it were the remains of an anticlinal fold. 
The numerous low rocky hills at and around Trimiem in the southern part 
of Pudukotai State all consist of coarse, generally micaceous, banded granite 
gneiss of pale color, varying from pure grey to pinkish or brownish-gi’ey. Tors 
and great rounded blocks are numerous. 
Highly hornblendic gneiss is of rare occurrence in the gneissic area be¬ 
tween the Vaigai and the Cauvery ; no important beds of it were noted 
anywhere. 
The general strike of the bedding trends from west-south-west to cast- 
north-east on the left bank of the Vaigai river, to noi’th 
and south, or north-by-west south-by-east, in the neigh¬ 
bourhood of Illi 2 mr and near the northern limit of our 
area as Trichinopoly is ai^jjroached. 
A small tract of country over which the strike has a totally different ten¬ 
dency occujjies the centre of our gneissic area, and extends from the valley of 
the Manimut-ar northward to within a couple of miles of the Pambir valley at 
Trimiem. In the southern part of this tract the strike vai’ies from oast-by¬ 
south west-by-north to north.west-by-west south-east-by-east; in the central jJart 
no well-bedded rooks were mapped, but in the northern part the strike changes 
from east-west to east-by-north west-by-south. 
Only one occurrence of magnetic iron in the gneiss was met with ; this was 
about a mile north-east of Mallamjsatti (Mallamputty), a 
village in the Pudukotai state nineteen miles north-west-by¬ 
north of the town of Pudukotai. Very little of the outcro23 is seen, but a good 
deal of debris of a rich magnetite bed is scattered about the fields a little to 
the eastward of the Mallampatti granular quartzose gneiss ridge above referred 
to (page 146). 
III.— The Upper Goxdwaxa Series. 
General strike of the 
gneissic rocks. 
Magnetic iron bed. 
Analogy with the geological structure of the more northern parts of the 
Coromandel coast would suggest as extremely jirobable the existence south of the 
Cauvery of rojoresentativos of the Upper Gondwana formation; and in fact two 
outcrops of rocks referable on petrological grounds to that series were discovered 
underlying the lateritic rocks in Madura district to the north-eastward of Siva- 
ganga. The petrological resemblance of the shales which occur at a small 
village called Ammersonpatti (not shown in the map) lying near Mudcchomjiatti, 
