PAiiT 3.] Foofe : Geological fecdures of the Madura District, ^'c. 
155 
The section of these sands in the bank of the Pamani-ar at Kara-ka-kad 
(not in the map), a little village about a mile north-east of Painganad (Pynga- 
Kara-ka-kad section. naud), shows the following succession of beds :— 
Local alluvium 
Gritty sands ... 
Ferruginous gravel with quartz fragments 
2 ' 
4’ (exposed). 
The gravel is formed by accretion of quartz grains (sand) with a brown 
hEematitic cement into rudely rounded lumps generally 
Character of the ferru- gjze gf g, hazelnut. These lumps are here, and 
gmous gravel. _ . y ’ 
generally in the eastern part of the lateritic area, unglazed 
and dull in appearance ; further west, however, the lateritic gravel is generally 
glazed and externally smooth even when fracture shows the interior to be gritty. 
The shiny glazed form is also seen in the lateritic sands of this part of the 
country, and a half glazed form is not uncommon. 
Where bare or but thinly covered with vegetation, the surface of the bands 
is often covered by thin sheets of this ferruginous gravel, from which the sandy 
and clayey portions of the original bed have been removed by fluvial action. 
Where the thickness of the gravel beds has become considerable, subaereal con¬ 
solidation not unfrequently sets up, specially where the glazed form of the 
gravel occurs. 
In the northernmost part of the Tanjore area within sheet 80, in the tract 
lying along the high road from Tanjore to Adrampatam, 
saiSs^Sfo grit *®*^*‘*'‘^ the lateritic sands are seen to pass do^vn into typical soft 
grits of pale color containing but little ferruginous 
matter. These grits may be seen at the villages of Kovilur (Coviloor), Karkan- 
kotai (Curkancottah), and Ulur (Woolnoor). The sections, which are only in 
the sides of wells, are neither deep nor clear enough to show the relations of this 
pale grit with the undoubted Cuddalore beds. 
The whole of the eastern part of the lateritic area is not everywhere covered 
by sandy beds : some considerable tracts, e.cj., around Pattu- 
kotai (Puttucottah) are occupied by rather hard red loam 
containing variable and sometimes considerable quantities of lateritic gravel of 
the non-gritty glazed variety. This hard red loam gi-aduates into the sandy 
form imperceptibly. It is generally confined to the higher grounds. 
The bottoms of the shallow valleys which drain the area occupied by the softer 
members of the lateritic series are frequently occupied by swampy ground or by 
small quicksand.s, very unpleasant to a guideless rider, and the higher parts are 
not unfrequently very sandy. 
The flora of the lateritic area differs in the eastern parts considerably from that 
of the gneissic region and of the high-lying area covered 
with hard conglomerate or quasi-baked clayey soils. 
The sandy eastern parts support very extensive plantations of cashew-nut trees 
(^Anacardium oecidentale), with very frequent clumps of bamboo and pandanus. 
Calophyllum inophyllum occurs also more frequently here than in any other parts 
of Coromandel coast that I am acquainted with. The jack tree {Artoearp^is 
Loamy beds. 
Flora of lateritic region. 
