PART 1.] 
Annual Beport for 1879. 
experienced a collector. Otlier results, too, are wanting; tlie so far unique occur¬ 
rence of eruptive rock in the tertiary sandstones at the Gola river {see Manuah 
p. 543) remains nndescribed. After several consecutive seasons’ work upon these 
suh-Himalayan rocks, Mr. Theobald has now seen more of them than any one 
else, and he should be in a position to throw some light upon their structure and 
history. There is no lack of indejsendent speculation in the several progress 
reports sent in, but there is a too conspicuous want of critical observation, whether 
in support of the several conflicting views put forward by himself at different 
times, or in refutation of the interpretations already published by others. After 
the present season’s work, however, we must place on record the result of his more 
matured study. 
In the past field season, or in part of it,—for he also made a reconnaissance of 
Salt-hangb : til® gi-ound far to the north between Kohat and Thai, on 
Mr. Wynne. the Kuram,—Mr. Wynne accomplished the surA^ey of the 
western extension of the Salt-range, from the Indus to the outskirts of the Suli- 
man range, beyond Shekh Budi'n. Following tlio great curves of the range, its 
length is about 100 miles, and considering the great intricacies of the sections, 
and the peculiar interest of many features of the ground, it Avill be readily under¬ 
stood that so rapid a survey cannot bo Amry searching, mAich less exhaustive; but 
Mr. Wynne’s map and description will form a thorough guide to future explorei's, 
the leading featui-es being no doubt pourtrayed Avith sufficient accuracy. Al¬ 
though the rock-salt, Avhich gives its name to the Salt-range, extend.s a A'ery short 
way west of the Indus, all the main structural characters of the Avestern extension 
correspond Avith those of the cis-Indus Salt-range, with Avhich Mr. Wynne is so 
familiar; indeed, Avithout this knowledge the work could not have been accom¬ 
plished. A principal variation found in this new ground is the expansion of the 
boulder zone, Avhich near the Indus is the only rock betAveen the Productus-lime- 
stone and the Salt-marl. At the soAith-Avest end of the Khasor ridge the puiqAle 
sandstone is again in force, but with an intervening band of red clays, gypsum 
and dolomite, which alternate with the boulder beds at top. These middle beds 
are unlike those of similar composition in the saline series, below the purple sand¬ 
stone, although their general eom^msition would seem to connect them with those 
lower deposits of the Salt-range series. Mr. Wynne, howev'er, suggests that they 
may represent the Oholus beds, which in the east Salt-range rest on the purple 
sandstone. Although nearly suppressed in the ilaidan-Chichali part of the range, 
the Ceratite and Productus-limestone groups are again exposed in force in the 
Khasor ridge, with A'ery much the same characters as in the western portion of 
the Salt-range proper. 
The jurassic series becomes more developed to the west of the Indus, and a 
well-defined distinction takes place betAveen an upper calcareous marine zone 
and a lower one of sandy ai'gillaceous deposits with plant-remains. Mr. Wynne 
calls attention to the contrast presented in this respect by the jurassic series 
here and in Rajputana,, where the terrestrial (Gondwana) chai’acters occur in 
the loAver division, below the marine limestones, and the series as seen in Cutch, 
where these characters are found in the upper beds (the Umia zone) above 
the purely marine deposits. 
