36 Records of the Geological Survey of India. [vol. xiii. 
and free from contortions. To tlie east of Leh these rocks, except along the 
northern horder, have undergone a greater amount of disturbance. 
The sections which exhibit most clearly the relations of the Tertiaries and 
the gTieiss are found below the point whore the Kashmir and Ladak road enters 
the valley of the Indus at Khalchi. Near the village of Inamdoh the lower 
Tertiaries, here consisting chiefly of slates and sandstones, are seen resting 
unconformably upon a denuded escarpment of the gneiss. The surface of the 
cscai’pment has an average slope of about 25° to the south-west, this slope being 
irregular and bearing numerous hillocks and hollows : the dip of the gneiss is 
to the north-east. 
The Tertiaries rest upon this sloping and denuded surface with a dip slightly 
lower than the plane of the slope. The lowest beds of the Tertiaries, which 
occur at the base of the slope, are cut off higher up by the projecting hillocks 
of gneiss, while the higher beds extend considerably further ujd the slope, thus 
showing a clear case of overlap. Numerous analogous sections may be seen 
in the neighbourhood, but the one quoted affords ample evidence to prove that 
the junction between the twm series of rocks is a natural one, and that the Kailas 
crystalline range formed the old shore line of the gulf in which the Tertiaries 
were deposited. 
I have said that at Inamdoh the lower Tertiaries consist of slates and 
sandstones ; this composition is, however, not constant in the neighbourhood, 
since we not unfrequently find the lower slates replaced by coarse conglomerates 
containing rolled pebbles of the crystalline and other rocks. This conglomerate 
is of great thickness on the Khalchi and Dhumkar (Dhumkur) streams, and it 
seems, from here to Leh, to occur on all the tributary streams descending from 
the Kailas range of crystallines to the Indus, and not in the intervals between such 
streams. If I am right in this interpretation, and I think I am, we must conclude 
that the di’ainage system of the southern side of the gneiss range followed the 
same approximate lines during the deposition of the Tertiary rocks, as it does 
at the present time. 
A transverse section from north to south of the Tertiaries at Khalchi may 
be taken as a tjqjical example of the series in this district. The lower beds, 
as we have already seen, arc comjDosed either of conglomerates, grits, sandstones, 
or slates, according to their relative position to the streams. The sandstones 
not unfrequently show ripple-mark, and the slates are generally gToy in color, 
very hard, and almost indistinguishable in hand specimens from the palseozoie 
slates which occur to the south of the Tertiaries. The succeeding zone of beds 
consists of orange and brown calcareous sandstones, with occasional shales. These 
are followed by juu’ple and green shales which are almost indistinguishable 
from some of the Subathu rocks, and -which are well represented on the 
Indus at Khalchi and Basgo. Betwnen the villaaes of Kalchi and Nolra, in 
the Indxrs valley, a thick band of coarse, blue, shelly limestone overlies the 
colored shales. This lime.stono may also be seen on the Kashmir and Ladak 
road at the junction of the Lama-Turu stre.am with the Indus, and again on the 
Zanskar river to the south of Nhuo, so that it doubtless forms a continuous 
