PART 1.] L^clekker: Geology of Laclak and Neighhmrincj Bldrkts, 39 
underlying nummuliferous limestone, clearly showing that the former rock is 
the newest of the Tertiary series. 
The next section is taken down the Glia riyer from Latho to TJpshi on the 
Indus. On the left hank of the river at Latho the upper conglomerates are 
nearly vertical, but with a slight northerly dip : they rest to the south on green 
and purple shales, with false bedding, which at first sight has somewhat the 
appearance of unconformity; this is, however, but a local condition, and on 
either side conformability is clear. The conglomerates, which can be traced 
continuously along the southern border of the Tertiary zone from Kio to this 
point, form a regular synclinal axis, and as they descend gradually alternate 
with greenish-colored sandstones : they contain pebbles both of the older Tertiary 
and of the neighbouring Palaeozoic rocks. Further down the Gia river, these 
conglomerates are underlaid by green and red shales, sandstones, grits and 
conglomerates; and the whole series is much contorted. Near the village of 
Miru, the highly colored shales are underlaid by a considerable thickness of 
conglomerate: these conglomerates contain chiefly pebbles of gneiss, of carboni¬ 
ferous quartzitic rock, of some unknown silicious rocks, and irregular fragments 
of the lower Tertiary shale. This conglomerate has acquired a kind of false 
slaty-cleavage, splitting into thin plates, right through the pebbles, and parallel 
to the stratification. Below the conglomerate we find an anticlinal axis of brown 
and green crumbly shales and greenish sandstones, which are again overlaid, 
towards the Indus valley, by the red shale scries. At the very base of the Miru 
.anticlinal there occur some brown and black carbonaceous shales alternating with 
bands of quartzite, which correspond so exactly in mineralogical chai*acter 
with the Carboniferous rocks of Gia (see below), that they are, I think, the 
same. These lower rocks seem to have the same dip as the Tertiaries, and as 
the two are very similar in mineralogical character, it is not easy to distinguish 
between them. The great similarity between the Eocene and Cai'boniferotis 
shales at Shargol will be noticed below. If the identification of these Carboni¬ 
ferous rocks is correct, it would appear that we have here a case of parallelism 
between these rocks and the Tertiaries, and that the former must have been ap¬ 
proximately horizontal at the time of the deposition of the latter. 
Below Miru there is an alternating series of red and green shales and sand¬ 
stones, with occasional bands of gneiss conglomei’ate. About 2 miles above 
the village of Upshi, these rocks are underlaid by hard and coarse gneiss con 
glomerate, several hundred feet in thickness, again underlaid by the softer 
rocks of the Indus valley, already referred to. No nummulites were met with 
in this section. 
From the px’eceding sections it seems to me probable that the green and 
brown crumbly shales of Miru and Urucha, together with some of the overlying 
conglomerates, arc the equivalents of the lower gneiss conglomerate of the Indus 
valley, since both those groups are overlaid by the red shale series- It is 
further not improbable that the red shales once overlapped the gneiss conglome¬ 
rate in the Indus valley, and extended some distance further up the crystalline 
rocks of the Kailas range. 
It will be noticed that throughout the Tertiary series (above the gneiss con- 
