411 
[vOL. XIII. 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
glomerates), there is evidence of local contemporaneous denudation, and that the 
southern conglomerate is formed in part of fragments of the denuded nummulitie 
zone, which I have shoivn to he relatively high up in the series. I have also 
shovm that these higher conglomerates are underlaid by only a small thickness 
of shale, on their southern border, and it, therefore, seems probable that these 
newer strata overlapped the older along this border, such overlap being possibly 
due to local subsidence. 
It now remains to treat of the southern boundary of the Eocenes, in the course 
of which we shall have to discuss a lai’ge mass of volcanic rocks which occur 
along this line. Commencing our suiwcy at the western extremity of the zone, we 
find that the purple shales of Pashkam are overlaid by a great mass of basaltic 
trap which here consists of greenish anamesite, weathering to a pale brown 
color. South of Pashkam the traps may be traced continuously to Shargol 
(Shergol), a width of 10 miles, their western boundary running south-south¬ 
east from Kargil and adjoining the Palseozoics of Tashgam. At Shargol we find 
outh of the main trap outflow, a band of soft yellow calcareous sandstones, and 
purple, green, and black shales, exactly resembling the sedimentary Eocenes 
of Pashkam, and which are doubtless part of the same series. This band may 
bo traced along the southern border of the trap as far as Mulbeck. The rocks 
of this band are much mixed up with trap, and in many places within the trap 
area masses of altered sedimentary rocks are met with, which are probably frag¬ 
ments of the Tertiaries which once extended continuously over this area, but 
which have been broken up and altered by the subsequent intrusion of the traji. 
Erom Shargol the southern boundary of the trap runs a little to the north of 
Mulbeck, and thence north of the Kashmir and Ladak road. At and near Bama- 
Yuru, the trap is much mixed u]! with Palaeozoic rocks which I shall refer to 
subsequently; east of the last-named village the southern boundary runs north 
of the village of Wanla, and thence on the north of the sti-eam flowing from the 
Choki-La. Prom Pashkam the northern boundary runs for some miles in an 
easterly direction, then bends to the south-east till it touches the Indus at 
Khalchi, from which point it again leaves that river and forms the summits of 
the high range on the left bank, gradually dying out among the sodimentaries to 
the west of the Zanskar river. 
The trap throughout this series consists of fine-grained anamesites, green_ 
stones, basalts, and serpentines, with occasional amygdaloids; it is never porphy- 
ritic, and when worn into pebbles acquires a brown-black glaze like the darker 
varieties of hajmatite. 
I have already said that these trajis die out a little to the west of the Zanskar 
river, in consequence of which the main mass of the sedimentary Tertiaries comes 
into direct contact with the Carboniferous rocks, which form the zone to the 
south of the Eocenes. Between Kio and the Zanskar river, the Eocenes, with a low 
northerly dip, rest upon and overlap the Carboniferous rocks, masses of the 
latter often protniding through the former, showing that we have another natural 
boundaiy, indicating the oinginal southerly limit of the Eocene series. 
In the Zanskar river, dui’ing its course through the Tertiaries, there were 
found, during the summer of 1878, large masses of pure native copper which had 
