PART ].] Ltjdehlier \ Geology of Laildk and Neighhonrinff Districts. 43 
The Indus valley Nummulitics seem to indicate that tlie enormous elevation 
of the Central Himalaya did not take place at all events till post-Eocene times, 
while the elevation and contortions of the outer Siwaliks render it jarobahle that 
the elevation of the whole Himalaya has occirrred in great part since the period 
of the older Pliocene. 
It may not improbably bo, that in the Ladak Himalaya, lateral crushing had 
taken place before the Eocene, and brought the j)ro-Eocene rocks approximately 
into their present positions, during which a great smashing and crushing of these 
rocks must have taken place ; the pre-Eocene rocks were then denuded. During 
the deposition of the Ladak Eocenes there was a pause in the lateiul crushing 
action succeeded by another period of lateral crushing; this second crushing 
must have raised the Ladak mountains to their present height, during Avhich 
elevation the Tertiaries were not so much smashed up as the lower rocks dui’ing 
the first crushing, but were, so to speak, carried up on the top of them. The 
post-Eocene period of lateral crushing was also probably post-Pliocene, and was 
the one which also crushed up the Siwaliks. These latter rocks with their 
underlying Hummulitics, being on the boundaries of the central elevated mass, 
would neces.sarily undergo much more crushing and smashing tlian the Eocene 
rocks of Loh, which, as I have said, might be carried up by the lateral movement 
on the top of the denuded older rocks with but comparatively little crushing. 
Older Bocks. 
I now come to the consideration of the pro-Tertiary rocks of the area under 
discussion, and commence my survey at the north-Avestern end of the basin. 
When treating of the slaty series of Dras, I ha\’e already shoAAm that those 
rocks do not extend to the Avestvvard of a line running south-south-east about 
16 miles to the east of the Kurtse, where they are cut off by neAver rocks. I 
have also shoAV'n that the Tertiary zone does not extend much to the south of 
either Shargol or Mulbeck, and a line running at first oast and then south-east 
of the latter place. The rocks avo huAm now to consider occupy the angle between 
the two lines, and extend far to the south-east into Spiti: a few of these rocks 
extend within the Tertiary area in the neighbourhood of Lama-Yuru. 
Before going further, it may bo well to mention that the rooks now to be 
noticed range from the Silurian to the Cretacemrs, and that the great mass of 
those aboA^e the Carboniferous consist of the Triassie series. Most of these I’ocks 
were originally named by Dr. Stoliczka in the Spiti district. Avhere they are all 
fossiliferous, and their divisions are tabulated on pp. 135 and seq. of his above 
quoted memoir. The strata above the Carboniferous (Kuling) Avere divided 
into upper Trias (Lilang), Hbfetic (Para limestone), upper Ehnetic or Lower Lias 
(Lower Tagling), and various higher groups of Jurassic and Cretaceous age. 
In most of the country examined by me Avhere supra-Carboniferous mesozoic 
rocks occur, I have only here and there been able to identify the separate groups 
of Stoliczka, Avhich all form part of one groat rock-series, easily recognised by 
the great prevalence of Umestone.s and dolomites. I have not been able to 
color these diifei'ent groups separately in the map, and they are, therefore, all 
embraced in the large area colored sienna in the map, which must, accordingly. 
