[vOL. XTIT. 
5i Becords of the Gtological Survey of India. 
V.— Summary and General Conclusions. 
I now proceed to bring to notice some considerations regarding the general 
relations of the Ladak rocks to the rocks of the neighbouring Himalaya. In so 
doing I shall take the rocks in their geological sequence. 
1. The. Tertiaries .—Those rocks have been sufficiently treated of in the section 
devoted to them. I have only to bring to notice the very remarkable resemblance 
in minoralogical character which exists between those rocks and the correspond¬ 
ing Eocene (Subathu) rocks of the outer Himalaya. Wo have good reason to 
believe that those two groups of rocks wore deposited in perfectly distinct basins, 
and we can, therefore, only conclude that this resemblance in minoralogical 
characters is due to the Eocenes of both regions having been deposited under very 
similar physical conditions, and to their materials having been derived from the 
disintegration of very similar rocks.* 
2. The Cretaceous .—As only small patches of cretaceous rocks occur in the 
area under consideration, which I have not seen myself, I have no remarks to 
make concerning them. 
3. The Trias-Jura and Carhomferous .—The Triassic and Jurassic rocks, with 
which the Carboniferous are often closely associated, in this area of the Himalaya 
occupy three main elliptical basins, vis., that of Dras and Tilel, that of Zauskiir 
and Ladak, and that of Kashmir proper, while other outlying masses of the same 
rocks occur in the Chang-Chenmo valley, and probably (though the coiTelation is 
not certain) in the outer hills. In the western part of the area the Trias and the 
Carboniferous seem to bo very closely connected with each othci’, and (especially 
in Kashmir) it is frequently very difficult to distinguish between the two, and, 
as I have said in my last paper, some of the rocks mapiacd as Carboniferous may 
really be Trias, although as the upper beds arc unfossiliferous, and of the same 
mineral character as the lower’, except occasionally, it is difficult to distinguish 
them. No traces of the Jurassic rocks have been noticed in Kashmir or Tilel. 
In the Zanskar and Ladak basin, the Carboniferous is very distinct from the 
Trias, and according to Dr. Stoliezka, there is sometimes local unconformity 
between the former and the upper groups of the latter: it may be that the lower 
Trias is represented in Kashmir and Tilel, which would cause the gi’cater union 
of the Carboniferous and Trias in those districts. 
In Spiti -Jurassic rocks are exti’emoly prevalent, while, as far as I can judge, 
they appear to become less and le.ss developed as we approach the north-western 
extremity of the Zanskar and Ladak basin ; Cretaceous rocks are also well deve¬ 
loped at the south-eastern extremity of this basin, and are represented only by 
patches here and there towards the central part. It would thus ajipear that in the 
north-western portion of our area the rocks of these basins arc older than many 
of those to the south-east, there being a gradual increase in the proportion of 
Trias, Jura, and Cretaceous as -we travel from Kashmir to Spiti. 
The Trias-Jura in these basins is generally characterised by the great pre- 
> It may possibly bo Ibat tbo ludus .lud outer lUmiilayan Eoceues were deposited iu two arms 
of a sea coiiucctiiig the two to the westward. 
