58 
liecor(h of the Geological Surrey of Inilia. 
[VOL. XIII. 
The enormous thickness of slates overlying the gneiss in Pangi and in Chang- 
Chenmo appears to me to be at least as thick as the slates in the Bliabeh section. 
It would, therefore, seem on the unconformity hypothesis that such gneiss as con¬ 
formably underlies the Silurians, and which I call Cambrian gneis.s, is unrepre¬ 
sented in that section. How thick or how thin this conformable Cambrian gneiss 
may be, or whether it is the same as the central gneiss, I cannot say. In other 
])laces, where the slate series is thinner, some of the great underlying gneiss 
series, as I have said in my previous papers, may correspond to part of the Silu¬ 
rians of the Bhabeh section. 
I have already stated that the gneiss of the Kailas range dii)S to the north, 
and that the oldest beds are consequently exposed along the valley of the Indus : 
and I have also shown that when the Palroozoic rocks appear along the valley of 
the Indus beneath the Tertiaries that they are either of Carboniferous or upper 
Silurian age. We may, therefore, pretty safely conclude that the southern 
boundary of the Kailas gneiss is a faulted one. 
Dr. Stoliezka did not apparently observe the relations of the gneiss of the 
Kailas range to the ovordying slates, and, apparently identifying it with the 
gneiss of Rupsu, came to the conchision that all the Ladak gneiss was of Silurian 
ao-e, a view which in a previous paper* I accordingly adopted, before I had per¬ 
sonally examined the relations of the rocks hi situ. This view was, of course, 
adopted in the “Manual of the Geology of IndiaWith regard to the objec¬ 
tion that the Ladak gneiss differs in composition from the central gneiss, I may 
state that I have elsewhere ’’ shown that the gneiss of Dras is frequently granitic 
in composition, and that there is also a great variety in the coinjjosition of the 
Ladak gneiss, granitic gneiss being not uncommon among the syenitic varieties. 
The presence of r’eins of albite granite in the gneiss of the Kadas range in the 
Chimray valley is another point, as far as it goes, connecting this gneiss with that 
to the south. 
A general survey of the map from north to south shows a series of gneissic 
ridges (Uhaoladhar, Pir-Panjal, Z,anskar, and Kailas) running from south-east to 
north-west, the hollows between which ridges are sometimes occupied by nor¬ 
mally overlying Silurians, and sometimes by newer rocks, which have been 
faulted down. 
Additional Odskrvations. 
In conclusion, I may add, that I have lately found a series of Carboniferous 
fossils in the Indian Museum, which were sent by Mr. F. Drew, and wore ob¬ 
tained in the Wardwan valley, a little above the village cf Sukness.'’ These 
fossils comprehend the characteristic Carboniferous Fcncsfclhp, ProilurJi, and 
Spirifers, and occur in a black shale like that of Eishmakara in the Lidar valley 
of Kashmir. Some dolomitic limestones, also sent by Mr. Drew from a point still 
higher up the Wardwan, appear to belong to the Trias. 
* Kec. Gcal. Suvv. India, Vol. XI, p. 59. 
" Page 653. 
liec. Gcol. Snrv. India, Vol. XII, p. 19. 
* See map and paper liv myself in “ Records/’ Vol. XI. Sukness is about 16 miles north of 
Insliin. 
