PART 2.] 
Grieshich : Geological Xoles. 
89 
The topmost bed of the Rhastic passes into a thin bed (which is wanting in 
some sections) containing already Liassic forms, bnt after tliat a break occni's. 
Not a single member of the lower Oolite is found, the only re2^resentiitivo of the 
Oolite (the well-known Spiti shales) contains forms of the upper-middle Oolite. 
The ujjper Jurassic bed.s are quite unfossiliferous dark shales. On them rest 
cretaceous gi’ccuish shales (olive shales of the Punjab P) and quartz sandstones 
cajiped by a white limestone with many cretaceous fossils (Stoliezka’s Cliikkiiii 
limestone). 
9. The mesozoic groups of the Peninsula .—As already explained in the above 
notes, we meet with the first great bi'eak of deposits of the Peninsula between 
the Helper Vindhians and the lowest Gondwana rocks, a break which I have 
tried to demonstrate must rejireseut the break which is found between the 
Carboniferous and the Trias groujas of the Himalayan area, and wliich thci’efoi'c 
falls into the Permian epoch, an ejjoch which, both in Europe and North-Western 
Asia, represents a 2 )nssage between the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic tyj^cs of life. 
We know that great changes of laud and water took place in the Australian 
region during Cai-boniferous times, and partly continued during the following 
periods. Into that e 2 )oeh fall the de)wsit.s of the lower gron|j of beds containing 
many plants of carboniferous aspect, dcscilbcd by Hr. O. FeistmanteP and 
associated with forms again met with in the shales and silty beds of the Talcliirs 
and Karharbari group, figured and described by the same author. Wc must 
■assume a distui-banco of some continuation and magnitude to exjtfain both the 
unconformity of the Talchirs on Vindhian and the Trias on Carboniferous series 
in India; accompanied as it is by an influx of forms belonging to the u])por 
Carboniferous of Australia, it is only fair to assume that a 23rossuro was exerted 
towai’ds India from the south-east, causing a successive “ landwave” to transmit 
eastern forms of terrestrial life, to travel west and 25crhap.s northward—to India 
and China. 
I believe the direction of tiiis great landwave to have been nearly at right 
angles with the line of strike of the older north-ea.st v'ave, wliich caused the 
distribution of land and water to change during palaiozoic times, traces of which 
are found in the post-Cambrian both in the Himalayas and the Peninsula. 
We see the existence of these two wave.s clearly exemplilied in the 2)rof3cnt 
shape of the Peninsula not less than in the long folds of the Himalayas, 
extending iu a north-west to south-east direction across A.sia, forming a series of 
2 )arallel ranges of groat elevation, and also in the more or less latitudinal sti'iko 
of the folds of older rocks of the Peninsula of India and of South Africa, the 
groat river valleys of which two areas indicate this direction by their course. 
Those 25al£eozoic fold.s are traversed by fold.s (accompanied by local dislocations), 
running (nearly) in a north-south direction across the ranges, now dee 2 icncd by 
the eroding agencies of glaciers and rivers, and which have sha 2 ied the beds of 
the palaeozoic rocks into more or less dome-sha23cd masses, like so many enormous 
and inverted cups ranged side by side in the ranges of the Central Himalaya.s. 
Not less is it demonstrated by the direction and com 2 ) 0 .sition of the Burmese 
‘ I’lilaiozoisclie und mesozoisclic Flora dcs dsHiclieu Auslraliciis. tii Fiilicoiitograjdiica, 
Snppl. Ill, I.icf. Ill, Hft. 4., 1879, 
