PART 4.] Theuhidd: Pleistocene deposits of the Northern Punjab. 
^29 
Leaving the vicinity of Jand, which may be regai’ded as somewhere near the 
centre of the supposed lake, and proceeding north, we find an instructive section 
of these valley deposits near Pari, on the Kara river (3 miles east-south-east from 
Shadipur, on the right bank of the Indus^ and about 15 miles from Jand. Ap- 
proaching the Indus from the south-east, along the road leading to Pari and 
Shadipur, we see in front of us a long stretch of rising ground, moi’e or less 
parallel with the river and decreasing in height away from the banks. The edge 
of this line of rising ground is very rugged and broken up by denudation, and the 
Nara river below Pari gives a clear section of the beds, showing that the rising 
ground in question is simply a belt of coarse beds, whose maximum thickness is 
attained in the immediate vicinity of the river, and which thins out away from 
its channel, owing to the coarser material being at once deposited, whilst the 
finer sediment only is conveyed to more distant parts of the valley. The bed of 
the Indus is here cut deeply in Siwalik sandstones, dipping mostly at high 
angles. On the edge of these beds rests a thick alluvial deposit, divisible into 
a lower or conglomeratic portion, and an upper division of clays in which the 
conglomeratic element is wholly subordinate—the united thickness of both divi¬ 
sions along the river not falling short of 80 or 100 feet, though how much 
has been removed by surface denudation, it is impossible to say. The lower 
conglomerate is very coarse and heterogeneously composed, the largest boulders 
in it being of nummulitic limestone, commonly 3 or 4 feet in girth; and often 
sub-angular, the ingredients being evidently derived from the Chitapahar 
range only a few miles distant to the north. This deposit is clearly a coarse river 
gravel, but although very large blocks occur in it, I did not notice decisive 
proofs of glacial conditions—that is, any monster blocks of the Hazara gneiss 
actually in it. In the valley of the Hara river, however, one mile east of 
Shadipur, I noticed two huge ‘erratics’ not far apart, one of Hazara gneiss 
60 feet in girth, and one of nummulitic limestone 60 feet in girth; but 
although these might have been derived (from the position they were in) 
from the coarse bottom bed above described, they might equally have been let 
down into the stream bed from a higher position by mere denudation, and this 
view is supported by other considerations I shall soon adduce. All about Pari, 
too, large craggy masses of limestone are scattered, which may be doubtfully 
referred either to this coarse bed or to ice flotation at a later period ; and their 
distance from the river, and their being out of the direct line of its floods 
properly so viewed, render the latter supposition, I think, the preferable one. 
Above this coarse bottom bed occurs a group of clays of equal thickness, or 
greater perhaps, away from the immediate vicinity of the river. This clay in 
places contains a little kankar, and forms the general surface of tbe countiy here¬ 
abouts ; and on its surface genuine erratics are here and there seen of the Hazara 
gneiss, which, as I believe, can have been only so brought by ice flotation; and 
if we regard the basal conglomerates as local deposits, resulting from tbe proxi¬ 
mity of the Indus gorge (below Hilab Gash) and the Chitapahar range, the 
homology between the Jand silt and the ordinary valley alluvium is clearly seen, 
both resting on the denuded sandstones, wherein the river has now deeply sunk, 
and both supporting’genuine ‘ erratic ’ blocks of a later period. 
B 
