PAET 4.] Theobald: Pleistocene deposits of the Northern Punjab. 
m 
several pieces, but must when whole have measured some 60 feet in girth. In a 
word, the whole country is dotted with these erratics from the point where the 
Peshawar road crosses the Haro, to the mouth of that river at Barotha, and thence 
to Dakner in the Attock road. 
Across the Indus, in a north-west direction, stretches the Yusufzai plain, the 
broad open valley of the lower portion of the Kabul river. This plain consists 
of a thick deposit of alluvium laid down by the Kabul river and its tributaries, 
and may be partly at least of lacustrine origin. I made one traverse across it 
from Kowshera to Hoti Murdan. Opposite Nowshei’a is a low range, over which 
the road is carried. To the right the range sinks down and is covered over by 
alluvium. Resting on this alluvium, Avere a good many large limestone blocks, 
which seemed to have travelled from the neighbouiung range, rafted as I imagine 
by ice. A little west of the road, on the slopes of the range, I noticed a large 
block of limestone “ perched ” on three smaller blocks on the alluvium. These 
blocks had none of the appearance of being artificially arranged, and if not, 
this must be considered a truly ‘perched ’ block. Kone of these blocks exceed 
6 or 8 feet in diameter, and they are aU derived from the ridge to the west of 
the road. I noticed no erratics along the line of road from Attock to Peshawar, 
and it is pretty certain the Indus ‘ erratics ’ never invaded the Yusuf zai plain. 
This I at first thought strange, till I discovered that at the period of their 
transport, the Indus ran (as explained) far south of its present course and 
east of Attock to Barotha, which may help to account for no erratics being 
seen north of Attock, though no doubt the valley of the Kabul river wiU be 
found to have its own proper ‘ erratics ’ of the period when search is made 
for them. 
The Pakli plain, or valley north of Mansahra, and the Ughi plain to the north¬ 
west, both present the same general feature ; they are both surrounded by hills, 
the former being traversed by the Siran river, the latter by the Ughi river, falling 
into the Indus near Derband. In the Pakli valley the alluvium of the Siran river 
is some 300 feet thick or thereabouts, of which an excellent section is seen on 
the road from Mansahra to either Ughi or Shinkiari. No ‘ erratics ’ are seen in 
the valley gravels, which are simply ordinary river gravels and clays interstra- 
tified; but large boulders, which I regard as erratics, are occasionally seen, 
strewed over the surface. In the open part of the valley these blocks are 
exceptional; but a few miles from Shinkiari, where the Siran debouches from 
the hills, and all up the Siran valley, below and above Shinkiari, erratic blocks 
are very numerous at all levels resting on the surface of the ground. 
I have not examined the Ughi plain in detail, but at the foot of the Susalgali 
pass leading from Mansahra to Ughi, and a few miles from that place, I noticed a 
few granite blocks resting on the alluvium, precisely as noticed near Shinkiari. 
It is, however, in the valley of the Nainsukh or Kanhar river that the 
clearest sections arc seen demonstrating the relations of the ‘ erratics ’ of the 
glacial period to the older alluvial deposits. 
The Nainsukh falls into the Jhelum opposite Rara, and at Gurhi-Habibulla 
on the direct road from Mansahra to Muzafarabad, is a muddy brawling glacier 
stream, spanned by a handsome suspension bridge. In the bod of the stream 
