^38 liccords of the Geological Surve/j of India. | vol. xiii. 
sncli marks ; and also that the deposits, •whereon ttese erratics rest, being of flnvia- 
tilc origin, have naturally been searched in vain for such evidence ; and lastly 
(whatever may be the reason therefor), in India, scratched blocks are so rare 
as almost to bo exceptional in the vicinity of existing glaciers. The absence or 
rarity of ‘ scratched blocks ’ at lo-w levels is merely, therefore, a negative argument, 
which, if of any foi’ce, might bo used to dis 2 n’ove the existence of glaciers, where 
they arc now actually to be met with. Argument No. Ill therefore is as little 
cogent a,s its predecessors. 
IV..—Water power is sirfficicnt to account for the transport of the blocks 
termed by mo ‘ erratics ’ and referred by me to either floating icc 
or ‘ moraines.’ 
This is an argument which anti-glacialists never weary of in’oducing, in season 
and out of season, and requires therefore some consideration. A.s the Kangra 
‘ erratics ’ range up to 1.50 feet in girth, and many of them of very large size stand 
well out in the islains, away fi’om the hills and in cultivated ground, I have 
no belief in such a vehicle for such blocks. How the case might be in a river 
bed is another matter; but standing, as many of these erratics do, in open ground, 
the idea is not tenable for an instant.' 
Mr. Campbell remarks ; “I am quite certain that the Kangra erratics arc 
large ‘ pebbles ’ washed out of the ‘ cads '• by heavy floods.” Now, if these erratics 
were met with only in the ‘ cads ’ (khuds) or more numerously in the khuds, 
than out of them, Mr. Campbell’s argument would have a colourable basis ; but 
the reverse is the case, and the largest blocks are found in s]Dots whore it is im- 
pos.siblo they could have been washed into out of any possible khud. 
To descend, however, fr-om the general to the piarticnlar. Let us examine the 
case of how Indian rivers do deal with masses, such as Kangra ‘ erratics.’ 
In my Kiingra paper I say: “ At Sujanpur, the moraine of the Sujanpur 
glacier is seen pushed right across the present channel of the Boas, at a nmch higher 
level than that of the jrresent stream, which has made a clean and deep cut through 
it; yet, though the ‘ erratic ’ blocks scattered round the travellers’ bungalow at 
Sujanpur and all over the truncated end of the moraine on the ojrposito side of 
the river are of a largo size, not a trace of one can be seen in the river bed 
beneath.” 
This disa 2 )pearance of the ‘ erratics ’ in the bed of the stream may be accounted 
for in three ways. There is, first, the ‘ rush of water ’ theory of the anti-glacialists, 
and, doubtless, if a piiddling stream could have brought these blocks as far as 
the banks of the Boas, the bigger river could have easily moved them on ; in which 
case we should expect to find them congregated in a lump or liar, at the first 
spot where the reduced velocity of the river outside the hills deprived it of the 
' The fallacy of assuming tliat the surface on which these blocks now lie is that on which 
they were deposited, has been already indicated (Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, XLVI, Pt. II, p. 13).— 
h. 'b. M. 
" 1 am indebted to Mr. Mcdlicott for kindly pointing out to me that the word ‘ cad ’ wliich 
I had (in my ignorance) suiJj)Osed to bo a local term, cuiTcnt in the Iligldands of Scotland, and 
puiv Gaelic for gi'avcis, was merely ii novel mode of spelling the common Indian word ‘ khud ’ = a 
steep valley. 
