940 PROFESSOR J. PRESTWICH ON THE EVIDENCES OF A SUBMERGENCE 
swallow holes, and as the result of slow but intermittent rain action on lines of 
drainage, by which surface debris and animal remams were carried underground. 
Spain and Portugal. —The Atlantic waves have left but few traces of Raised 
Beaches or of the “ head ” on the western coasts of Spain and Portugal. M. Ch. 
Barrois figures some broad platforms of marine denudation, apparently of the age of 
the Raised Beaches, at Cape Vidio, on the north coast of Spain,* * * § but they were 
without any organic remains by which he could determine their exact age. 
The Memoir, however, by Colonel J. F. N. DelgadoI on “ La Grotte de Furninha, 
near Cape Carvoeiro, the most westerly point of Portugal, and 49 feet above the sea 
level, leaves no doubt of the prolongation thus far of a beach in a position analogous to 
that on the Gower coast. This cave presented some very interesting features. At 
the bottom of the cave deposits was a bed of rolled pebbles, 3 feet thick, with Patella 
vulgata and Littorina littorea. Above this beach were a series of ossiferous deposits, 
having a total thickness of 31 feet. The lower of these contained the remains 
of the striped and spotted Hywna, Cave Bear, Lynx, Wolf, Felis, Rhinoceros [ticho- 
rliinus ?), Deer, Ox, Horse, Hedgehog, Badger, Weasel, Hare, Bird, Fish, &c., 
with flint implements of the type of those of St. Acheul. A fragment of a human 
maxillary bone was also found on the lower beds at a depth of 20 feet. The upper 
beds contained remains of the Neolithic period. M. Delgado considered that the 
violence of the waves at this spot had worn back the cliff for a considerable distance, 
which may be the reason why there is an absence, seemingly, of Rubble-drift. 
Besides some interesting glacial phenomena described by M. Fred, de Vasconcellos| 
on the west coast of Portugal, there are some great taluses on slopes, which may 
possibly represent the Rubble-drift. Mr. D. Sharpe,§ in his paper on the Geology 
of the neighbourhood of Lisbon, says that the valleys near Lisbon are often lined with 
detritus washed down from the hills enclosing them, but whether this is of recent 
date or belongs to the Rubble-drift he gives no information to show. || 
The late Sehor Carlos RibeiroU has alluded to the occurrence of a Raised Beach 
near Capes Espiches and Sines, as well as other places, but no particulars are given. 
He also alludes to a'conglomerate (breccia?) which occurs in places on the sides of 
hills, and is composed of the debris of rocks higher up the slopes; this may possibly 
represent one form of the Rubble-drift. 
* ‘ Reclierches siir les Terrains Anciens des Astaries et de la Gallice,’ Lille, 1882, p. 619, and 
Plate 20, fig. 17. 
f ‘ Congres Intern. d’Anthrop. et d’Arclieol. Preh.,’ Lisbonne, 1880, p. 207. 
f Ibid., p. 155, and ‘ Ti'abalhos Geol. de Portugal,’ vol. 1, p. 189, 1887. 
§ ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.,’ 2nd sen, vol. 6, p. 130, 1842. 
II Mr. G. Maw alludes to the traces of a bigb-level beach clinging to the Rock of Lisbon at a height of 
150 to 180 feet above sea-level, ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. 28, p. 87. 
‘Descripcao do Tei’reno Quaternario,’ pp. 2, 15, 17, 22, ct seq., 1866. 
