OF WESTERI^ EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN COASTS. 
941 
On the south coast of the peninsula there is more distinct evidence of Raised 
Beaches and Rubble-drift. General De la Marmora* * * § mentions that at Cadiz the 
remains of a Raised Beach, with foreign pebbles overlaid by a drift of red earth, are 
to he seen, and that traces of a similar beach are again met with at Cape Trafalgar 
and Tarifa. Mr. G. Maw gives some further particulars, statingt that in “ the 
neighbourhood of Cadiz long ranges of low cliffs occur, closely resembling the Raised 
Beaches of Devon, and like them composed of a hard concrete of sand and shells ” of 
recent species, implying an elevation of the coast of 40 or 50 feet. 
Little is known of these beds on the east coast. Professor Ansted| speaks of 
Raised Beaches, at a height of about 40 feet above the sea at various points of the 
coast (of Malaga), consisting generally of fragments of slate, for the most part angular, 
and often of a large size. In one of them “fragments of copper ore were found derived 
from a vein cropping out on the hill above.” Similar deposits of angular gravel exist 
a few miles up on the banks of the Guadalmedina at a rather higher level. He did 
not observe any shells or fragments of shells in these beds. It would seem from 
his description that these dejDOsits represent a Rubble-drift or head rather than a 
Raised Beach. In the neighbourhood of Barcelona Professor L. Molins Poti§ states 
that there is an extensive development of Loess. A Raised Beach above the sea- 
level has also been noticed on that coast. 
Scanty as is this information, it is in accordance with the general characters of the 
Ruhble-drift, while the absence of intervening links is of less importance, as the 
phenomena we have noticed at Pedemar and Santenay, and those we are about to 
notice at Gibraltar, bridge over the intermediate area, and lead us to infer that it 
must have shared in the submergence which affected high hills on its borders.|| 
Gibraltar .—The well-known Rock^ is an isolated hill, separated from the mainland 
hy a few miles of flat ground about 10 feet above the sea-level, and is composed of hard 
limestones of Jurassic age, forming a high scraggy ridge rather more than 2-| miles 
long, from 550 to 1550 yards broad, and rising at the north end to the height of 1349 feet, 
* Db la Marmora’s ‘ Voyage en Sardaigne,’ p. 370, 1857. 
t ‘ Geul. Mag.,’ vol. 7, p. 553, 1870. 
t ‘ Qnart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. 15, p. 599, 1859. 
§ ‘Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Natural!,’ vol. 12, fasc. 3, 1869. 
II M. Marcp;l de Seeres speaks of an ossiferous breccia of Concud, near Teruel, in Aragon, but gives 
no particulars and no references. 
^ Cuvier gives an account of tbe organic remains of tbe Gibraltar breccia in his ‘ Ossements Eossiles.’ 
The general geology, and especially tbe Raised Beaches, were described by Mr. J. Smith, of Jordanbill, 
in 1844 (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. 2, p. 41) ; the caves and their contents, by Dr. Falconer and 
Mr. Busk in 1865 (‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. 21, p. 364; ‘Paljeon. Mem.,’ vol. 2, p. 556, 1868; 
and Congr. Preh. Archaiol., Norwich Meeting, 1868) ; the fossil fauna, by G. Busk in 1877, (‘ Trans. 
Zool. Soc.,’ vol. 10, pt. 2) ; and the solid and superficial geology by Sir A. Ramsay and Professor 
James Geikie in 1878 (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. 34, p. 505). 
