OF WESTERN EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN COASTS. 969 
of stratification, though, as in England, with an occasional appearance of rough 
bedding; (4) the same transport from the higher ground behind to the sea-level; 
(5) the same fall over the old line of cliffs, and the same cutting back of the rubble 
slope since the present sea-level has been established ; (6) the same blocking of the 
mouth of caves and filling up of fissures as the rubble swept over the surface ; (7) the 
same powerful propulsion forward of the rubble, and its spread in wide sheets instead 
of in the cones of dejection formed under ordinary sub-aerial agency, and (8) the 
same limitation of the organic remains to those of a land surface. 
What diflferences there are are due merely to the different character and colour of 
the strata. Soft rocks with light colours prevail on the south coast of England, 
whereas on the Mediterranean coasts, the red earth, due to the decomposition of the 
limestones gives, as in the Plymouth district, a general red colour to the ossiferous 
breccias and Pubble-drift. 
With these many points of resemblance there is, I consider, good reason to believe 
that in both countries these drifts are due to a common cause—one that we have 
already seen equally affected the intermediate area. These drift heels require, how¬ 
ever, further investigation, and may prove as rich in Palseolithic remains as the ground 
above them has proved to be in prehistoric remains. 
Crete. — From M. Victor Paulin’s work on Crete"^ I gather that there is evidence 
of the elevation of the island within the historical period to the extent of 15 to 25 feet, 
and further, that at a height of about 65 feet, a Raised Beach of Quaternary age is met 
with at many points of the coast. In the absence of sections and exact details, we 
can only surmise that the Rubble-drift is present there from the mention of tw'o facts— 
(1) that at one place the Raised Beach is overlaid by a calcareous breccia {hreche caU 
caire) or ‘^Head;" and (2) that at the foot of the great escarpments of the interior there 
are immense accumulations of angular detritus. Some of these {terrains ditritiques) 
are recent, but some seem more widespread and older. They are traceable up to 
heights of 200 to 300 metres. A red earth, as in Greece, covers much of the surface. 
Admiral Spratt has shown,! that within recent times there lias been a subsidence 
of the east coast of Crete, whilst the west side has been elevated to the extent of 
26 feet. Anchor blocks have been found 11 feet above the sea level, and the port of 
Kissamo has been raised 18 feet out of the sea within Christian times. The two 
piers of the port of Phalasarna, a city of late Hellenic date, and described by Strabo, 
are now 22 feet above their original level. Spratt also found Pectunculi of recent 
species 40 feet above the shore, and indications of another Raised Beach or old sea 
level at 100 feet. At about the same height he discovered a bone-cave with remains 
of Myoxus, Goat^ Roebuck, or Deer, in a breccia under stalagmite. Remains of 
* ‘Description physique de File de Crete, partie Ueologique,’ pp. 616-656, 1861; and ‘Bull. Soc. 
Geol. France,’ 2nd ser., vol. 13, p. 4.39. 
t ‘Travels and Researches in Crete,’ London, 1865. 
MDCCCXCIII.—A. . 6 H 
