OF WESTERN EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN COASTS. 
973 
are of frequent occurrence on tbe coast of Syria, but that it is difficult to fix tlieir 
exact date. M. Lartet says that some of them may go back to the Quaternary 
period, while some may date from historic times. There is a Raised Beach on the coast 
near Beyrout, and another at Jaffa, in which were found Pectimculus violacescens, 
Lk., Purpura hemastoma, Lk., Murex hrandaris, L., Columbella rustica, Lk., 
identical with those on the present beach. He also sj^eaks of clastic and erratic 
deposits, but does not show whether there is any relation between them and the 
beaches. Some of these deposits may, he thinks, be of Tertiary age, whilst others 
seem to be subaerial and due to long atmospheric disintegration. They form vast 
taluses in the interior. 
The bone-cave in the valley of the Nahr-el-Kelb near Beyrout, discovered by Botta 
{ante p. 971), was more fully examined by Lartet, who found in it the remains of 
Cervus dama. Capra Sinaitica. 
Antilope (a small species). ,, (like that of Crete). 
On a platform of rock above the cave there was a calcareous breccia with similar 
remains (some of the bones calcined) mixed with flint flakes and scrapers.* He 
concluded that this was a rock shelter of the same age as those of the Dordogne in 
Central France, in which the flint implements are of the same character. But this 
correlation is doubtful, as the implements consist only of flakes and scrapers which 
are equally characteristic of Neolithic as of Palseolithic times. Besides that he 
mentions, on the authority of M. E. Lartet, that Cervus dama is still found in 
the Lebanon, the Capra Sinaitica abounds in Arabia Petrsea, and the other species 
is closely allied to the Wild Goat of Crete, whilst the Antelope is probably tbe 
Gazelle so common in some adjacent districts. 
Remains of extinct Mammalia are extremely scarce in these regions, though the 
remains of a fossil Elephant and of a species of Hippopotamus have, it is said, 
been found on tbe southern confines of Palestine. M. Lartet states also that stone 
implements of a true Paleolithic type have been found in some parts of Palestine. 
One from near Bethlehem has the discoid form resembling some of the Abbeville 
implements. Others have been found in Arabia Petrea and Babylonia. One from 
Boucher-Ain resembles in every respect the specimens of the spear-head {haclie) type 
found in the Quaternary drifts of the Somme and Thames Valleys. They appear to 
have been found on the surface, but the exact sites are not well determined. 
Professor Hull considers that, throughout the eastern end of the Mediterranean, 
there is evidence of a submergence after the Miocene epoch to the depth of about 
220 feet,t as compared with the present sea-level. He describes a number of Raised 
Beaches or sea-beds, but in his several sections no overlying angular debris (or head) 
* See also ‘ Ball. Soc. Geol. Prance,’ 2nd, ser., vol. 22, p. 537. 
t The higher sea-levels or beaches are anterior to the changes I am considering, which date from the 
lower-level beaches. 
