974 PROFESSOR J. PRESTWICH OR THE EVIDERCES OF A SUBHERGERCE 
is shown. One noticeable sea-bed is exhibited in the plain of Pbilistria, where a 
large tract, little above the level of the Mediterranean, and running some distance 
up the main valleys, is covered by marine sands and gravels. The raised beach in 
the neighbourhood of Jaffa was found by the Professor to stretch far inland, and to 
attain a height of over 200 feet. But this height is open to the objection I have 
before stated. On the coast these beaches are generally covered by blown sands. 
If we may be allowed to judge from these brief notices, made independently of 
this special inquiry, it would seem that the Bubble-drift and osseous breccia, so 
largely spread over Western Europe and Greece, and again in Crete, become less 
frequent as we proceed eastward, and are but slightly developed in Syria. 
Still more significant is the absence of those Fissures filled with local debris and often 
ossiferous, so common in limestone districts of Southern Europe. They are uncertain 
in Syria, and seem to be wanting in Cyprus and Palestine,* notwithstanding that 
Tertiary and Cretaceous limestones of the same characters are largely developed on 
the coast-lines. I can only infer that the more eastern areas were less affected by the 
great physical disturbances accompanying the submergence and re-elevation of the 
land than was the westward area, and that the submergence was of less depth or ap¬ 
proaching its outer limits. To this point I shall have occasion to refer again (see Map). 
The Coast of North Africa .—Facing Gibraltar there is evidence of upheavals 
corresponding with those on the Spanish side. At Tangiers, Mr. G. MawI found 
horizontal beds of sand and clay resting on nearly vertical strata of the older rocks 
“ at about 40 feet above the sea-level.” He did not discover any organic remains, 
but concluded that this deposit was probably of post-Tertiary age, and synchronous 
with the Baised Beaches which he had met with near Cadiz. He also noticed a 
concreted sand, with recent shells, to the south of Cape Spartel, and at Saffe, forming 
cliffs about 50 feet high.J 
At Tangiers Messrs. Bamsay and Geikie§ observed two lines of marine terraces of 
elevation. In the lower one, which consists of “ semi-consolidated coralline and shell 
sandy beds, with small pebbles,” they discovered at its base, which is on a cliff 
12 or 15 feet above high-water mark, a tooth of Elephas antiquus. No mention 
is made of angular rubble at top. 
M. Coquard|| speaks of large ossiferous fissures near Tetuan, in which he found 
several species of Helix still living in the neighbourhood such as H. lactea, H. 
lapicida, H. naticoides, H. erycina, &c. 
* Unless the breccia near Beyrout should prove to belong to an ossiferous fissure; but, in any case, it 
is at no great height. 
t “ On the Evidences of Recent Changes of Level in the Mediterranean Coast-line,” ‘ Geol. Mag,,’ 
vol. 7, p. 548. 
J ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. 28, p. 87. 
§ ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. 34, p. 514. 
II ‘ Bull. Soc. Geol. Franc.,’ 2nd ser., vol. 4, p. 1246. 
