276 DR. TEMPEST ANDERSON ON THE ERUPTIONS OF THE SOUFRIERE IN 
Sir Daniel Morris. Thanks are also due to His Honour E. J. Cameron, C.M.G., 
Administrator of St. Vincent, and to Duncan Macdonald, Esq., of Wallilabu, for 
their kind assistance and hospitality, also to the Rev. T. Huckerby, of Chateau Belair, 
for much help in visiting the Soufriere, and for information regarding the eruptions 
subsequent to the great outbreak of 1902. The author’s special thanks are also due 
to Professor T. G. Bonney, F.R.S., and George Yeld, Editor of the “ Alpine Journal,” 
for much kind advice and literary assistance. 
The map in Part I., Plate 39, shows that the north end of the Island of St. Vincent 
is formed by the cone of the Soufriere volcano. In the summit of this mountain lies 
the principal or old crater, nearly a mile in diameter, from which the eruption took 
place in 1902. There is likewise a much smaller crater, the so-called “new crater,” 
which was active in 1812 and may have been formed in that year. These two craters 
are surrounded to the north by a large crater-ring of older date, broken down towards 
the south, which has been referred to as the Somma Ring, since it bears the same 
relation to the working cone of the Soufriere as Somma does to Vesuvius. The whole 
mountain group was formerly known as Morne Garu, but the name has now been 
appropriated to another mountain about three miles to the south, also formed of 
volcanic material, hut of much older date, which is separated from the Soufriere by a 
deep depression extending right across the island. The part of this depression on the 
eastern or windward side of the island is occupied by the Rabaka and other smaller 
streams, and is called the Carib country, while that on the western or leeward side 
is drained by the Wallibu and other streams, and is here referred to as the Wallibu 
district. In the 1902 eruption a certain amount of the ejecta overtopped the Somma 
Ring and descended some of the valleys to the north of it, but by far the greater 
portion was discharged into the above-mentioned transverse depression. The water 
from the crater lake was discharged at the beginning of the eruption down the Rabaka 
and Wallibu Rivers, the former of which it rendered impassable, and thereby cut off 
escape from the Carib country, where the greater part of the deaths occurred, while 
the solid and gaseous ejecta in the form of the incandescent avalanches and black 
clouds* descended to both sides of the island, and the most important geological 
phenomena were observed in the Wallibu district. These phenomena, including the 
incandescent avalanche into the Wallibu valley, the partial re-excavation of that 
valley by the river, the secondary explosions of steam and hot ash, the discharges of 
boiling mud, and the formations of new fans at the mouths of the rivers, have been 
fully described in Part I., p. 428, et seq. ; as has been also the subsidence of part of the 
coast between the mouths of the Wallibu and Morne Ronde Rivers (Part I., p. 453, 
et seq.). This district was therefore the part to which attention was specially directed 
in 1907, with a view of observing the further progress of these changes and the 
return of vegetation. 
* Called Nuee Ardente by the French Commission to Martinique, and later Nuee Peleenne. See Note, 
p. 298. 
