278 
PROGRAMME OF THE FAIR OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 
PROGRAMME OF THE TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL 
FAIR OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 
Exhibitors of samples or specimens for pre¬ 
miums, excepting cattle and other live stock, agri¬ 
cultural and horticultural productions, &c., are 
required to bring them to Castle Garden, in the 
city of New York, and receive a certificate from 
the Clerk of the Fair, on Friday and Saturday, the 
28th and 29th of September, previous to open¬ 
ing of the exhibition. 
FIRST WEEK. 
Monday , Oct. 1,—Will be appropriated for the 
arrangement of the contributions. Vegetables, 
Fruits, and Flowers, for the Horticultural Room, 
should be brought this day, before 12 o’clock. 
Tuesday , Oct. 2,—The exhibition will open to 
the public at 9 o’clock, A. M., and close at 10 
o’clock, P. M., which arrangement will continue 
during the fair. The opening address will be 
delivered this evening, at 7^ o’clock, in the front 
saloon. A band of music will play during the 
evening. At 9 o’clock, a grand display of fire¬ 
works. 
Wednesday , Oct. 3,—The steam engine, with 
moving machinery, will be in operation, and con¬ 
tinue during the fair. 
Thursday, Oct. 4,—Spading match, plowing, and 
testing of plows, at Flushing, L. I., in conjunction 
with the Queen’s County Agricultural Society. 
Steamboats will leave the Battery at an early hour 
for the plowing ground An address on the field. 
Saturday , Oct. 6,—Fireworks this evening at 9 
o’clock. 
SECOND WEEK. 
Monday , Oct. 8,—Great show of choice roses 
and dahlias at 12 o’clock, for special premiums. 
Cattle and other live stock to be exhibited on 
Wednesday, must be entered on the books this 
day, and pedigrees delivered to the clerk, at the 
Committee Room at Madison Cottage, corner of 
Fifth Avenue and Twenty-third street. If previ¬ 
ously sent to A. Chandler, Superintending Agent 
of the Institute, they will be attended to. 
Wednesday , Oct. 10,—The cattle show will 
open at 10 o’clock, A. M., at Madison Cottage, cor¬ 
ner of Fifth Avenue and Twenty-third street, when 
all the animals must be on the ground. 
Thursday , Oct. 11,—The second and last day of 
the cattle show. The Hon. Levi Woodbury will 
deliver the anniversary address at the Tabernacle, 
at 7k o’clock P. M. Tickets, gratis, may be had of 
any of the managers, or at the clerk’s desk. Mu¬ 
sic by an accomplished choir, under the direction of 
Mr. George Andrews. 
Saturday , Oct. 13,—Pyrotechnic exhibition in 
competition for premium, at 9 o’cjock, P. M. Each 
exhibitor will be required to fire three pieces. 
Entries to be made on the books before 12 
o’clock, M. 
The programme of the third week and notices of 
aquatic exhibitions, addresses, and other interesting 
exercises and displays, in addition to those named 
above, occurring from day to day, will be pub¬ 
lished in the city papers. 
Cheat Mode of Fattening Hogs. —Allow them 
to run at large, and teach them to break into your 
neighbor’s corn field every night. 
COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF BONES PREPARED 
BY STEAM AND BY CRUSHING. 
At the monthly meeting of the Highland and 
Agricultural Society of Scotland, in February last, 
a new method of reducing bones to a high state of 
division was submitted by Mr. James Blackhall, of 
Edinburgh. His process, the details of which 
have been published in different agricultural jour¬ 
nals, consists in exposing the bones for a certain 
length of time to the action of high-pressure steam, 
by which, according to Mr. Blackhall’s statement, 
they are brought into a much higher state of divi¬ 
sion, and at a much less cost, than by the ordinary 
method of crushing. Mr. Blackhall’s original idea 
was, that the bones were thus dissolved, and he 
conceived that his process would replace the com¬ 
mon method of solution by means of sulphuric acid. 
The following are the results of two analyses of 
bones by Dr. Anderson, the society’s chemist, pre¬ 
pared by the new process—No. i. by Mr. Blackhall, 
and No. n., which was sent to the laboratory for ana¬ 
lysis, by George Cranstoun, Esq., of Corehouse:— 
i. ii. 
Water, . . . 12.66 13.86 
Animal matter, . 27.37 19.90 
Bone earth, . . 59.97 66.24 
100.00 100.00 
In order to form a correct estimate of the advan¬ 
tage of Mr. Blackhall’s method, it is necessary to 
compare the composition of these bones with that 
of those prepared by the ordinary process, as it is 
very evident that a certain proportion of the gela¬ 
tine, or glue, which is very soluble in boiling 
water, must have been extracted by the steaming. 
In looking into the subject, however, Dr. Anderson 
was unable to find any analysis of bones in the 
state in' which they are used as a manure, and he 
found it necessary to analyze several specimens of 
agricultural bones, of which the following are the 
results :—No. i. were drill bon’es, in pieces about 
an inch in length. No. ii. ordinary finely-crushed 
bones; and No. iii. the entire bones in the state in 
which they are sold to the bone crushers by the 
persons who collect them : — 
Water, 
Animal matter, 
i. 
. 10.00 
ii. 
10.39 
ill. 
14.79 
. 41.88 
42.60 
37.02 
Bone earth, 
. 48.12 
47.01 
48.19 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
From a comparison of these analyses with the 
former, it is manifest that they contain much more 
animal matter than the steamed bones, the amount 
averaging 40 per cent.; while in the latter, in one 
case, we have only half that quantity, and in the 
other about 27 per cent. Now it must be very 
clear that, in the production of a ton of steamed 
bones, it is not sufficient to reckon the mere cost of 
steaming in addition to that of the crude bones, 
but that the loss of animal matter must be taken 
into account. Supposing the crude bones to con¬ 
tain exactly 40 per cent, of animal matter, a very 
simple calculation shows that they must lose 25 
per cent., in order to yield a substance which shall 
contain 20 per cent, of animal matter. Supposing, 
