330 
ESPALIERS. 
ESPALIERS. 
Judging from our own experience, and what 
we have seen of espaliers in the United States, 
growing fruit trees in this form, as a general 
rule, may be considered a failure. They do 
well in the cool, moist climates of Northern 
Europe, but an American sun is too hot for 
them. We have often watched the different 
effects of the sun upon espaliers and standard 
trees in the same exposure. The espalier pre¬ 
sents, with its trained top, little surface to ben¬ 
efit from the copious dews of summer, nor can 
its leaves usually give much shade to the 
branches, and none at all to the trunk. Hence, 
almost immediately after the rising of a clear 
sun, the little dew on the leaves is absorbed, 
and the trunk and branches are exposed all 
day to its fervid heat. Shrivelling of the trunk 
and branches, cracking of the bark, and various 
diseases follow, from which the better moistened 
and shaded standard is entirely free. This 
presents a large surface to the falling dew, and 
what is not absorbed by the leaves during the 
night for the benefit of the tree, is very gradu¬ 
ally dissipated by the morning sun. The thick 
leaves of the top, then, are a protecting shade to 
the branches and part of the trunk all day; 
and thus standards are much better guarded 
from the extremes of heat and cold, of drouth 
and wet, than espaliers. 
-►*-.- 
CEMETERY OF THE EVERGREENS. 
At the invitation of Mr. A. P. Cumings, one of 
the principal directors, and in company with 
several other gentlemen, we recently made an 
excursion to this delightful retreat for the dead. 
The grounds occupy about 212 acres of the 
highland ridge, and its sloping sides, which 
form the rear of Brooklyn and Williamsb’drgh, 
being distant from Fulton Ferry about five, and 
from Williamsburgh about three miles. It is in 
contemplation to add another 100 acres to the 
premises, which will make the grounds some¬ 
what larger than Greenwood. Most of it is yet 
in wood and small patches of open land, as left 
by the former occupants. Yet, in the brief 
space it has been in the hands of the present 
managers, it has assumed an air of taste and 
refinement peculiar to all our recently-arranged 
rural cemeteries. A beautiful granite, rustic 
lodge marks the entrance. The approach to it 
is indicated by a tasteful copse of native trees, 
on either side of which a slightly circling road 
ushers one into the broad, graceful avenues 
which wind and turn in every direction, over 
hill and dale till one is lost in a labyrinth of 
rural scenery. On the summit of the ground, 
and not far from the entrance, is a small chapel 
in the Norman style, on one side of which a 
tower rises to the height of 80 feet. To say the 
view from the top of this is beautiful, would be 
faint praise. It is not only beautiful, but beau¬ 
tifully grand—magnificent. On one side, 
Brooklyn, Williamsburgh, Ravens wood, the East 
River, New York, and the Palisades beyond, 
are in full view, while on the other, at your 
feet, lie East New York, and beyond, Jamaica, and 
still further off are Rockaway and the broad 
Atlantic. We noticed the burial place of one 
little child, only, in this vast receptacle of the 
future dead. All now is tenantless and forsaken. 
What a change will a few years witness. Then, 
the bustling multitudes that now throng our 
crowded streets, the gay and depressed, the 
idle and the busy, the rich and the poor, the 
hopeful and the despairing will all have “shak¬ 
en off their mortal coil,” and noiselessly, one by 
one, not as now, thronging the abodes of pleas¬ 
ure or of praise, they will silently come and lie 
down in their narrow couch. What a teeming 
multitude will be here only a short century 
hence! Not only every one now alive will 
have gone to his last resting place, but most 
of all who may be ushered into life within the 
next 50 years to come. Truly, wisdom calleth 
upon us from every hedge and bye way of life, to 
speed on our purposes of good, for “ the night 
cometh wherein no man can work.” 
SPECIAL MANURES. 
From a small pamphlet by Mr. J. B. Lawes, 
we condense a few words of “ Advice on Artifi¬ 
cial Manures:”— 
1 . Plants Cultivated for their Primary Organs — 
Leaf and Stem .—Manures suitable for meadow 
grass, clover, cinquefoil, tares, cabbages, and oth- 
fodder plants. Substances yielding ammonia 
rapidly. Sources .—Peruvian Guano, sulphate 
and muriate of ammonia, dung from stall-fed 
cattle, salts of lime, with phosphate of ammonia, 
soot. 
2 . Plants Cultivated for their Intermediate Or¬ 
gan—Bulb or Tuber .—Manures for turnips, 
mangel wurtzel. Phosphates, sulphates, and 
carbon. Sources .—Inferior sorts of guano, super¬ 
phosphate of lime, well-rotted dung. 
3. Plants Cultivated for their Ultimate Organs — 
Seed .—Manures for wheat, barley, oats, peas, 
beans, tares, and clover seed. Organic matter, 
slowly yielding ammonia. Sources .—Residue 
from highly-manured green crops, rape cake, 
dung from stall-fed cattle. 
Under class 1, meadow grass should be ma¬ 
nured with a substance like Peruvian guano or 
soot, while the clover should receive, in addi¬ 
tion, a salt of lime. In class 2, mangel wurtzel 
may receive a larger amount of nitrogenised 
matter than turnips, as it does not readily pro¬ 
duce leaves. In class 3, oats and beans are less 
liable to injury, from too large an amount of 
manure, than the other crops. About three or 
four cwt. of rape cake drilled below the seed, 
or broadcast, is often very beneficial to the 
wheat crop. 
Depraved Appetite.— One of the most singu¬ 
lar, though by no means uncommon instances 
of this disease in this country, is to be found 
among the clay eaters of North Carolina. Chil¬ 
dren acquire the habit while young, and con¬ 
tinue it through life. Its effects are very inju¬ 
rious. Horses and cattle sometimes acquire the 
habit. Whether the same injurious effect at¬ 
tends the animals, we are not aware, but it is 
often unpleasant in horses. Do any of our 
readers know a remedy ? 
