126 
MANAGEMENT OF MANURE OR COMPOST HEAPS. 
I have stated that the quality and quantity of 
elements. The milk of the bitch, a flesh feeder, 
milk depends, in part, upon the species of ani¬ 
mal which produces it. There is, however, 
this fact to be born in mind : The elements of 
milk are the same in all mammiferous animals, 
and the difference consists in the proportions 
in which these elements are combined in the 
fluid. Milk is always white, is formed, or in 
other words, secreted, by an organ called the 
mammary gland, the structure of which is pre¬ 
cisely the same in all animals. These glands 
vary in number from two to many, situated in 
pairs, upon the abdominal or thoracic face of 
the animal. There are three important constitu¬ 
ents in all kinds of milk, namely, cheese or 
casein, butter, and sugar; These are held in 
solution by water, holding in solution, also, a 
small quantity of soda, which is free, and which 
may be shown by the green color that is 
given to a solution of red or purple ‘cabbage. 
There is also a small quantity of a substance 
termed extract, which is obtained in combina¬ 
tion with sugar. Milk, when dried and burned 
to an ash, is found to contain phosphates of the 
earths and alkalies, potash and soda, in combi¬ 
nation with chlorine. Phosphoric acid, lime, 
magnesia, potash, iron, soda and chlorine form 
the principal elements of the inorganic part, or 
ash. 
The following analyses of milk, by different 
chemists, I have copied for the purpose of giv¬ 
ing a comparative view of the composition of 
that of different animals:— 
Cow. Jlss. Goat. Ewe. Bitch. 
Water, 85.70 91.63 8G.80 fc 85.62 65.74 
Dry matter, 14.30 8.35 13.2u — 34.26 
Butter, 4.00 1.10 3.20 4.20 16.20 
Casein, 7.20 18.20 4.20 4.51 17.40 
Sugar and extract, 2 80 6.08 5.28 4.20 2.90 
Salts, 0.62 0.34 0.58 — 1.50 
In addition to the foregoing, I may add that 
of the composition of the milk of the human 
female, which really forms another variety, 
differing as it does in the proportions of its ele¬ 
ments. Thus it contains 
Water, 
88.36 
Dry matter, 
11.64 
Butter, 
2.53 
Casein, 
3.43 
Sugar and extract. 
4.82 
Salts, 
0.23 
In the human female, the butter is reduced 
considerably, while the sugar is increased in 
proportion. It comes up in casein to the ordi¬ 
nary standard of the milk of the cowin summer. 
The casein of the milk of the cow, in the fore¬ 
going column, is considerably above the average 
of summer milk, or that which is made from 
grass. As I have already stated, the elements 
of all kinds of milk are the same ; the varieties 
result from a different combination of those 
is extremely rich in butter and cheese, and very 
poor, comparatively, in sugar; while, in the ass 
and goat, the proportion of sugar is large, and 
the butter small. 
Having given a comparative view of the nor¬ 
mal compositions of milk, I shall proceed in 
the next place, to the consideration of the com¬ 
position of milk as it is determined by a variety 
of extraneous circumstances, and by the different 
kinds of food upon which the animal subsists. 
E. Emmons. 
Albany , N. Y., Feb., 1851. 
The above valuable article, from Professor 
Emmons, is the first of a series which he will 
write for the Agriculturist. They will be writ¬ 
ten in as plain and simple a style as it is possi¬ 
ble well to use, in order to popularise the subject. 
We hope our readers will peruse them with 
attention, and if necessary, study them till 
perfectly familiar with the language and ideas. 
This is the only way to progress in knowledge, 
and he is a dullard who will not take this pains» 
and deserves the contempt of all enlightened 
farmers. These observations will apply to 
other articles which appear from time to time 
in our journal. 
MANAGEMENT OF MANURE OR COMPOST HEAPS. 
As the collection of manure is admitted on 
all hands to be the prime source of agricultu¬ 
ral prosperity, I submit the following, on the 
management of certain matters, with a view to 
that object:— 
The first thing to be attended to is, the select¬ 
ion of a suitable spot for a manure heap. This 
should be on the top of some rising ground, or 
on a ground, at least, so level that there can be 
no run of water to and from it, in case of vio¬ 
lent rains. A true regard to economy, will also 
suggest that it should be placed on some field 
for which benefit it is mainly intended. 
Having marked out the ground, say 25 feet 
by 15, or any other dimensions suitable to your 
means, sink stakes three of four inches in diam¬ 
eter, two feet below the surface of the ground, 
and rising to any convenient height above, at 
each corner, and at proper distances along the 
sides and ends. Now collect from the woods, 
sufficient leaf mould or rich virgin soil to cover 
the whole space inclosed, one foot deep, laying 
old rails, or any other material at hand fit for the 
purpose, along the inside of the stakes, as the 
mould rises, to confine it within its place. Next, 
take* from the stalls of your animals, (the way 
