APPARATUS FOR BRANDING. 
The monstrous waste of manures daily sus¬ 
tained in the city of New York may he inferred 
from this—a loss proportionality shared by 
every city in this, and most other countries. A 
portion of this waste is inevetable; but a much 
larger portion might be saved, not only without 
inconvenience and expense, but with a vast 
saving, also, to the health and comfort of our 
citizens; such, for instance, as in the removal 
of slaughterhouses, and every species of loath¬ 
some manufacture, that is connected with ani¬ 
mal or vegetable remains in an offensive state. 
We have seen the ends of our piers and docks 
so loaded with the offal from the neighboring 
butcheries, that it had filled up the entire depth 
below, and was giving off its noisome odors, to 
breed pestilence and contagion around. All 
these and numberless other sources of manures, 
might, with the slightest efforts on the part of 
our municipal authorities, be removed from the 
city and made to contribute to the fertilisation 
of the earth, instead of poisoning its inhabitants. 
APPARATUS FOR BRANDING. 
The cut below represents a very convenient 
and useful apparatus for branding various kinds 
Branding Apparatus.— Fig. 40. 
of agricultural implements and machines, bar¬ 
rels, and boxes of merchandize, and the horns 
of animals. 
It consists of a small case of iron letters and 
figures, which can be confined in an iron hold¬ 
er, with a handle, by means of a small screw, 
so as to form a word, number, or the initials, 
that may be desirable to mark; together with a 
small, portable furnace for heating the type 
when ready to operate. All things ready, the 
marker has only to heat the holder containing 
the type, and then stamp the articles that are 
required to be marked. 
——-——- 
GERMAN AGRICULTURE. 
Each German has his house, his' orchard, his 
road-side trees, so laden with fruit, that if he 
did not carefully prop up and tie together, and 
in many places hold the boughs together with 
wooden clamps, they would be torn asunder by 
their own weight. He has his corn plot, his 
plot of mangold wurtzel, or hay, for potatoes, 
for hemp, &c. He is his own master, and he, 
therefore, and every branch of his family, have 
the strongest motive for constant exertion. You 
see the effect of this in his industry and his 
economy. 
In Germany nothing is lost. The produce of 
the trees and the cows is carried to market, 
much fruit is dried for winter use. You see it 
lying in the sun to dry. You see strings of 
them hanging from their chamber windows in 
the sun. The cows are kept up for the greater 
part of the year, and every green thing is col¬ 
lected for them. Every little nook, where the 
grass grows by road side and river, and brook, 
is carefully cut with the sickle, and carried 
home on the heads of the women and children 
in baskets, or tied in large cloths. Nothing of 
any kind that can possibly be made of any use 
is lost, weeds, nettles, nay, the very goose grass 
which covers waste places, is cut up and taken 
for the cows. You see the little children stand¬ 
ing in the streets of the villages, in the streams 
which generally run down them, busy washing 
these weeds before they are given to the cattle. 
They carefully collect the leaves of the marsh 
grass, carefully cut their potato tops for them, 
and even if other things fail, gather green leaves 
from the woodlands. One cannot help thinking 
continually of the enormous waste of such 
things in England—of the vast quantities of 
grass on banks, by road sides, in the openings of 
plantations, in lanes, in church yards, where 
grass, from year to year, springs and dies, but 
which, if carefully cut, would maintain many 
thousand cows for the poor. 
To pursue still further this subject of German 
economy. The very cuttings of the vines are 
dried and preserved for winter fodder. The 
tops and refuse of hemp serve as bedding for 
the cows, nay, even the rough stalks of the pop¬ 
pies, after the heads have been gathered for oil 
are saved, and all these are converted into ma¬ 
nure for the land. When these are not suffi¬ 
cient, the children are sent into the woods to 
