ORCHARD TREES : RUST ; LICHENS ; ETC. ; FRUIT MANAGEMENT. 1 3 1 
drop off to the great detriment of the trees, if the Mildew is at all extensive upon them. This 
fungus appears under certain atmospheric conditions, such as moisture, with the sudden prevalence 
of cold winds checking growth. Its remedy is known to be sulphur, when it admits of proper 
application, which can seldom be the case in an Orchard. The common practice of white-washing 
the trunks of the trees, if they would but add to every gallon of whitewash a handful of soot to 
sober down the colour, and a handful of sulphur to be exhaled by the sun during the heat of 
summer, might possibly also render good service in checking such fungus blights. 
Rust, (Helminthosporum pyrorumJ, is another microscopic fungus which in cold wet summers, 
as in that of 1879, is most destructive in the Perry Orchard. It appears in patches on the leaves of 
the Pear trees and on its fruit, and seldom ceases as long as a leaf or a pear is left on the tree. 
Rcestelia cancel lata and some other microscopic plants could also be named, but their presence and 
power of destruction depend more on the season, than on any other cause; and they admit of no 
remedy that care can supply, over the extent of an Orchard. 
Lichens. —'These plants are of several kinds, and form the grey mosses which often completely 
cover the great and small branches of the trees. They seem to be the attendants of a damp 
atmosphere (that is to the want of more air and sunshine) and derive their sustenance chiefly from 
it; indeed the Orchard itself is seldom well drained where these plants abound. The only injury 
they occasion the trees is by preventing the access of air and warmth to the branches, and harbouring 
the numerous leaf-eating and other Insects always ready to prey upon them. Drainage and 
Pruning afford the only known means of prevention ; and when once the lichens and mosses 
exist on the trees, scraping them off and washing the boughs with a strong solution of soft soap, or 
with lime water is the simplest plan of checking them, whenever it may be thought worth the 
trouble. 
Other Tree Enemies. —The old writers dwell at considerable length on many other Orchard 
enemies, such as : Cattle, Hares, Coneys, Moles, Water-rats, Birds, Snails, Caterpillars, Pismires and 
Ants. These must be met, as they occur, by the ingenuity of the Orchardist. The most real, are the 
H ares and Rabbits, which in severe weather, when the ground is covered by snow, and other food is 
scarce, will soon destroy an Orchard by barking the young trees. The best immediate remedy is 
the lime and sulphur wash. Furze if at hand may be tied round the tree stems, but wire netting is 
the only effectual remedy, where these animals abound. The use of grease, tar, petroleum, so often 
resorted to, are better avoided for they are apt to be themselves injurious to the young trees. 
ill. FRUIT MANAGEMENT. 
The customs which prevailed in the Orchard two hundred years since are very different from 
those prevailing at the present time. The early ciderists divided their fruit into three classes : the 
first consisted of such apples as would make a summer Cider for immediate drinking; as the Codlings , 
Jenettings , Spice Apple , Summer Queening , and all the early summer fruits. The second class 
