24 
THE APPLE. 
this mode of grafting. An equal slant on both portions, provided they 
were of nearly equal diameters, and these two firmly bound together, the 
two would look again as one. Whip grafting proceeds on the very same 
principle. It is strong mechanically, besides presenting the uniting 
surfaces of the scion and the stock to each other in the best possible 
form for promoting their speedy union. For it will be observed in Fig. 3 
that the cambium of the scion is laid parallel with the cambium of the 
stock along its entire length, and also at the top of the one and the 
bottom of the other. Of course when the two, as often happens, are 
of unequal diameters, the cambium of the two can only meet along 
one side and also at top and bottom. It is quite a mistake to place 
the scion in the middle of the stock when 
the latter is the, larger in size. To do so 
is to invite failure along the entire length of 
the uniting sides. By placing a scion of 
small diameter in the middle of a stock of 
larger size, we place the cambium of the 
one beyond reach of the other, and thus, as 
far as possible, prevent their union. 
By whip grafting with a tongue, as in 
Fig. 4, greater mechanical security is gained, 
and a speedier union promoted. 
Next to the proper preparation of the 
scion and stocks we would place their being 
promptly united as soon as prepared. The 
union should follow the cut with the knife 
with the utmost celerity. If wind or 
weather comes in contact with the raw cut 
of either scion or stock it hinders the 
union. It will be observed often that the 
sap follows the cut and oozes out from it. 
Then the parts should at once be pressed 
together without a moment’s loss of time, the scion and the stock being 
instantly joined and firmly bound together. There is at once a con¬ 
servation of force and a mingling of fiuids, which directly invites and 
helps the two surfaces to grow into one. Prompt placing of the raw 
surfaces together, a good fit, firm and secure tying, and complete 
exclusion of the air by the usual grafting clay or wax, are the only 
mechanical aids which the cultivator can render to the vital force of 
the plants in their efforts to become one. These remarks, of course, 
apply to all kinds of grafting as well as that of whip or splice now 
under consideration; though, of course, in crown or bark and cleft 
Fig. 3. 
