32 
THE APPLE. 
be named, the tree has received no check or stop. There has simply 
been a modification of growth and fruition by altered positions, rather 
than changed condition. The trainer has 
effected much with little or no inter¬ 
ference with Nature. We give a simple 
illustration of this in Fig. 14. This is the 
result of stopping Fig. 11 above the first 
two wood buds formed on it. Fig. 14 
may then be produced in the same time 
needed to grow Fig. 11. Maidens, with 
two arms at right angles, might just be 
as common, under skilful training, as 
vertical one-shoot trees. To grow Fig. 11 
into a fishing rod, to be cut off for a fiower 
stake in winter, and produce Fig. 14 the 
following season, is simply to waste a 
season’s sun and shower and to lose 
a whole year. Diagonal training pos¬ 
sesses the merits of horizontal training, 
though in a lesser degree. Maidens may 
be trained into this form and crossed, so as to make diamond cordons, as 
Fig. 14. 
shown in Fig. 15, or single lines laid parallel to each other at any angle 
diagonally. The more obliquely they are placed the more will the buds be 
developed throughout their whole length, a point of much importance to 
the beauty and usefulness of the apple. If any of the buds remain dor¬ 
mant near the ground lines, such buds are a sheer loss of productive or 
feeding force. Cordons should be fruitful from base to summit, and all 
unfurnished parts represent a loss of produce as well as of time and 
space. An unfruitful tree, or one carrying half a crop, absorbs as 
much of the former and occupies as much ground as one in full bearing 
throughout its entire area or length. 
Fig. 16 is a modification of horizontal training, well adapted for apples. 
Horizontal trees used to be almost universal in kitchen gardens. In 
most of these the side shoots proceeded from the main stem, at right 
angles with it. The circular bend at the point of departure, as shown in 
