34 
THE APPLE. 
a leading shoot in the centre proceeding nine inches or a foot beyond the 
two lower branches. This will break the two upper buds 
and produce the second pair of branches. The leader 
is then allowed to proceed as before, and so on until 
the height of the wall or espalier is reached and the 
tree fully furnished. By stopping the leader twice or 
three times during the summer, vigorous trees will oc¬ 
casionally produce two or three series of side branches 
Fig. 17. one season; and this skilful training, combined 
with free growth, economises time and hastens and augments fertility. At 
times, too, the centre or 
leader of the tree, in¬ 
stead of being carried 
up straight, is trained 
in a waving or semi¬ 
spiral manner. This 
form will be illustrated 
in our handbook on 
pears. 
The most useful other 
forms of traininsr 
the apple are per- 
Fig. 18. Fig. 19, haps the dwarf 
bush, Figs. 17 and 18; the pyramid or cone, Figs. 19, 20, 21, and 22; 
and the standard, or 
orchard tree, Figs. 23, 
24, 25, and 26. Fig. 
17 shows the bush 
tree at the end of the 
first season’s growth 
under proper train¬ 
ing. Left to itself, it 
would have been like 
Fig. 11. Under judi¬ 
cious management, 
the growth is so di¬ 
rected as to form the 
basis of the future 
bush tree. With but 
little attention the 
same tree would deve- 
Fig. 20, Fig. 21. lope into Fig. 18 the 
next season. The great use of early training is to form good habits. 
