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When there are several of these scars, the cords from the different tumour 
remnants may be intertwined. These cords are the remains of the worms, 
and every intermediate stage can be traced. 
Often these scars had so thinned the wall of the blood vessel, that small 
aneurysms were formed from them and projected outwards. Naturally 
these small aneurysms varied in number in different aortas. They were 
most frequent in the case of old animals, as in these the vessel walls are 
stiffer and contain less elastic tissue. 
Description of Host. 
The Malay or Siamese buffalo is a distinct species. 
Externally it differs from the Indian buffalo in two main points:— 
(*.) The horn is evenly flattened and ends in a sharp point instead 
of being rounded as in the case of Indian. So that if a transverse 
section be taken of both, the former will be rather angular in shape and 
the latter irregularly elliptical. 
(ii.) The shape of the horn is only curved slightly inwards into a 
semi-circle and not twisted into a short spiral, usually from within 
outwards, as in the Indian buffalo. Mr. Ford states that: “The 
water buffalo is a ruminant averaging from 600 to 800 lbs. in w T eight. 
He passes most of his time, when not at work or feeding, in shallow 
muddy pools called buffalo wallows. His skin is usually covered with 
mud—a protection against the bites of flies, of which, in this part of the 
world, there are numerous and large species. When clean it is of dull 
black and in a few animals of a dirty pink colour and is sparsely 
covered with long bristles.” 
Anatomy of the Aorta. 
The x\orta of the buffalo is composed of:— 
The common Aorta—the main trunk of the arterial system—which 
arises from the antero-superior part of the left ventricle; it passes upwards 
and forwards for nearly two inches and there divides into the anterior and 
posterior aorta. 
The anterior aorta in the buffalo is very short, seldom measuring more 
than one inch in length. Two main branches spring from it—the left 
brachial and the right or brachio cephalic. 
The left brachial artery supplies the left fore limb, whilst the right 
divides immediately into two—the right brachial proper supplying the right 
fore limb and the common carotid supplying the neck and head. 
The posterior aorta is larger and longer than the anterior. It 
commences at the level of the 4th dorsal vertebra, passes upwards and 
backwards forming the aortic arch, and reaching the left side of the spine 
at the 6th or 7th dorsal vertebra. The dorsal aorta then lies in the posterior 
mediastinum, and after piercing the diaphragm becomes the abdominal 
aorta. 
