further measures which can gradually be adopted will still further reduce 
the amount of sickness. 
An exact knowledge of breeding-places of mosquitoes in Malaya shows 
that in such situations partial measures are successful, as under such condi¬ 
tions only poor carriers of Malaria abound, as Myzomyia Rossii. Under 
similar conditions in Africa more complete measures would be required as 
Pyretophorus costalls, a good carrier of Malaria, which is not found here 
would thrive. 
In spite of this object lesson and the publicity given by the Government 
to the results obtained, it is noteworthy that similar insanitary conditions to 
those made at Klang and Port Swettenham are still being artificially 
produced in many parts of the country. Undrained “ borrow pits,” holes 
for brickmaking in the vicinity of houses, drains, embankments and 
roads which interfere with drainage are not only left unaltered but the 
number of them is daily being added to. 
It should be a matter of no surprise to find that the first result of 
“ opening up of new ground ” is a large increase in the amount of Malaria, 
and the more these undertakings are in charge of Europeans—the more 
thoroughly the work is done—the greater the probability of this increased 
unhealthiness. 
Another method by which the number of breeding-places is artificially 
increased is that in which a water course is dammed up in order to divert a 
stream for mining, irrigation or other purposes. Such a dam necessarily 
causes a backing up of the water behind it, a rise in level of the subsoil 
water and frequently flooding of low lying lands in the neighbourhood of 
streams. A good example of these conditions is to be seen at Seremban, 
and from near areas so flooded even in dry weather, most of the cases of 
Malaria, according to Dr. Milne, are derived. 
Contrast with Conditions elsewhere. 
A contrast with the conditions in Central and East Africa and those in 
Malaya is of interest. None of the anopheles in the one country are found 
in the other. The most dangerous African anopheles, Myzomyia funesta, 
is a stream breeder, but it breeds freely in streams and rivers passing through 
open country, and can travel freely in a dry atmosphere for certainly several 
hundred yards. No clearing of jungle or building of dry houses is of any 
avail against this mosquito, and the numbers can only be reduced by 
clearing the beds and banks of streams. Beyond this reliance has to be 
placed on the use of mosquito nets and quinine. 
The other African mosquito of most importance is Pyretophorus costalis, 
which, though it is found in pools and streams, seems to be most abundant 
in any stagnant water and particularly in shallow rock or other pools near 
human settlements. It breeds under much the same conditions as the 
harmless Myzomyia Rossii in Malaya. These correspond to our coast 
conditions, and where effective drainage can be undertaken and maintained 
this is the successful economical and permanent settlement of the question. 
In Southern Europe the important carrier is A. maculipennis , and this 
mosquito breeds under varied conditions including those suitable in this 
country for M. Rossii. 
