[ 4 ] 
Holes in impervious material such as granite, may contain water f 
prolonged periods. This is especially the case in holes in granite boulde 
in a river bed when shaded by jungle. In one such hole on several occasioi 
at Ulu Gombak, larvae were found which have been found in no other plac 
Other larvae in such pools are certain species of Melanoconion, Desvoid< 
Culex, and particularly Culex gelidus , and at Pangkor Laut Dr. Clari 
found repeatedly larvae of a species of anopheline in holes in such boulde 
near the sea. 
An important class of permanent breeding grounds are formed 1 
various plants. 
The most important of those in Malaya is that discovered l 
Dr. Leicester —the Bamboo—(“ Journal of Tropical Medicine Sept, i 
I 9°3)- 
In this situation a large series of mosquitoes were found breeding ar 
nowhere else. Bamboo breeding places are of two classes :— 
(1) Growing bamboos. In joints perforated by a borer at one < 
more places and containing water. 
( 2 ) Cut or broken bamboos in which the upper or opened job 
contains water or in fallen split bamboos containing water. 
The number of species found in the perforated bamboo is not so gre; 
as in the cut bamboo, and species which are rare in the one are common i 
the other. 
In perforated bamboos the usual larvae are :— 
Ovthopodomyia albipes; Skeivoinyia fascus ; Dendromyia communis 
Megarhinus magnificus, raris and quasifevox; Toxorhynchites metallicus 
Lophoscelomyia asiatica, and Kolonemyia cceruleocephala.' 
In cut bamboos the commonest are :— 
Stegomyia scutellaris , perplexa , gracilis , fasciata and nivea ; Scut 
myia albolineata ; Huleccetomyia trilineata and jugrcensis; Daniels \ 
albotceniata; Uranotcema lutescens; Leicesteria dolicocephala , cingulati 
annulitarsis and longipalpis; Desvoidea obturbans and jugrcensis; M. 
garhinus quasiferox and funereus ; Toxorhynchites leicesterii and metallicus 
Orthopodomyia albipes ; Lophoscelomyia asiatica ; and Myzomyia leucophyru: 
Of these Stegomyia and Desvoidea are found also elsewhere quit! 
commonly, and Myzomyia leucophyrus is found more commonly in othe 
places. 
Many larvae in both the perforated and cut bamboos have not bee^ 
reared and probably belong to other species of the genera represented 
Adults of such species have been found in the neighbourhood of bambo|; 
clumps and they have not been found breeding elsewhere. 
The importance of bamboos varies in different places. 
Bamboos are rare in some places and are not found in some of th 
smaller islands. In such places some species of the above mentioned gener 
may be found, but rarely in hollows of trees, empty cocoanut shells, etc., i: 
such situation Meg. quasiferox and Toxorhynchites metallicus and an Orthc 
podomyia have been found. In other places, as in cultivated bamboos, n 
borers are found, and the number of bamboos attacked by borers or other 
^ ise allowing access of mosquitoes to the interior varies greatly. In som 
places, e.g ., Jugra and the Gap, as reported by Dr. Leicester, the perforate' 
bamboos are unimportant as breeding places. 
