[ 5 ] 
This variation in the importance of bamboos is dependent not only on 
leir number but on the number bored. The only bamboo borer reared 
■as a longicorn bettle, species undetermined. It is probable that various 
oleopterous borers are concerned, and on the existence of suitable species 
i a locality the prevalence of bamboo breeding mosquitoes is dependent. 
Ir. Ridley has pointed out that the species of bamboo is of much 
nportance in this connection, as some species are rarely if ever attacked 
y borers. These species include the imported bamboos growing near the 
oast or cultivated, such as Dendrocalamus ftagellifer , from Burmah, Banibusa 
T algaris , from China. Of the species attacked by borer near Kwala Lumpur 
dendrocalamus pendulus and a S chizost achy urn species (?) appear to be the 
lost common. Both these are indigenous species. Some of the other 
idigenous species do not appear to be attacked in the same neighbourhood. 
^Another class of plants in which mosquito larvae are commonly found 
re the Pitcher Plants, Nepenthes. The plants are rare in many parts of the 
federated Malay States. . 
This breeding place was first pointed out by Ridley in 1896 m the 
: Journal of the Asiatic Society." . 
Collections of larvae have been made by Finlayson and identified by 
^eicester as Uranotania tutescens , Sheiromyia fusca , Megcivhitws ataudata, 
Uegomyia sintillaris , etc., similar to the class found in bamboos. 
Near the coast larvae are found in the water in the Nipah Palm, A ipa 
rutieus , and amongst these Stegonyia fuscius is not found elsewhere. 
Another breeding place reported by Milne is the Traveller s Palm, 
lavenala Madagascariinsis , but the species of mosquitoes were not identified. 
Other permanent collections of water are cess pits, tanks, Chinese jars, 
)ath tubs, kerosine tins, etc. . 
These are artificial and are found in the neighbourhood of inhabited 
daces. The number of individual mosquitoes rather than theAarietyof 
pecies is the characteristic of such breeding places. Ciilex fatigans , which 
s not met with elsew r here, abounds in the neighbourhood of such breeding 
daces, and the number of S. scutellaris is much increased. In collections 
)t leaves in the jungle certain special species may be found. These 
:ollections, in damp places, are sufficiently permanent to serve as breeding 
grounds. 
Influence of Human Habitation. 
Human occupation makes a great difference not only by the alterations, 
lsually for the worse, in subsojl drainage and in provision of artificial per- 
nanent and temporary breeding grounds, but also by providing adults with 
in abundant stimulating food supply and good suitable shelter. 
Under such circumstances the number of mosquitoes found is much 
ncreased. . 
With a small group of houses in jungle at first there is little or no 
lifference. Many of the jungle mosquitoes are day feeders and appear to 
ivoid the cleared spaces. They may be numerous and yet none be found 
n the houses. 
Cutting down bamboos and so leaving a large number of open joints 
containing w r ater increases the number of easily available breeding places, 
md the refuse, empty tins, half cocoanut shells, etc., form a most suitable 
Dreeding place for hardy jungle mosquitoes such as Stegomyia scutellaris. 
